滤食性鲢鳙鱼对池塘浮游生物的影响

通过鲢鳙鱼不同密度的放养试验，研究了滤食性鱼类对池塘浮游生物结构的影响。结果表明，随鲢鳙鱼密度的增加，浮游植物生产力并不下降，密度有所提高；鲢鳙鱼的放养促使浮游动植物向小型化发展；鲢鳙鱼放养密度对浮游生物多样性指数无明显影响。     

岷江上游油松造林密度对油松生长和群落结构的影响

调查了岷江上游 20a龄油松人工林样方 17个(20m×20m),测定了油松生长参数、林下植被的植物物种多样性和盖度,以分析油松生长和群落结构变化的密度效应.结果发现:油松高度生长随密度增大而增加,在密度 2 500~3 500hm-2时达最大,随后下降;胸径生长在 2 200~2 800hm-2时达到最大,随后下降.油松单位面积生物量由低及高,在 3 500~4 000hm-2达到最大,随后稍有下降;而个体平均生物量约在 2 500hm-2时最大.随着油松盖度的上升,灌木层盖度开始下降,林下散射光增加,导致草本层盖度上升,中等密度时 (2 500~3 500hm-2 )油松林乔灌草层次盖度配置较为合理;物种丰富度与油松密度呈显著负相关,但不同密度油松林的物种多样性指数变化无一定规律.因此,如果不以追求生物量最大化为单一目标,中等密度(2 500 ~3 500hm-2 )的油松林具有较好的群落结构配置、较高水平的物种多样性和种群更新能力,符合可持续林业发展的要求. 图 3参 19     

厌氧陈腐垃圾模拟柱对渗滤液COD和NH_3-N的处理特性

通过实地钻取阿苏卫填埋场陈腐垃圾,真实模拟填埋场压实工艺,制作2种不同压实密度的陈腐垃圾模拟柱,对比研究其对渗滤液COD、NH3-N处理效果。结果表明,当模拟柱压实密度为1.09 t/m3时,渗滤液垂直运动明显;回灌此模拟柱水力负荷分别为18.6、28、37.2和46.5 L/t时,COD去除效果稳定,平均去除率达82...     

上海居住区植物群落的降温增湿效应

对上海居住区常见的23种植物群落的降温增湿效应进行观测的结果表明,所有植物群落都有降温增湿作用,且群落间降温增湿效应差异较大.各群落的降温增湿效应在13∶ 00-14∶ 00最强,与草坪之间的差异达到最大;在16∶ 00-17∶ 00,各群落间降温增湿效应差异小,18%的植物群落降温效应低于草坪,45%的植物群落增湿效应低于草坪.针叶林、针阔混交林和竹林的降温增湿效应最强,日均降温效应>2.3 ℃,日均增湿效应>12.4%.     

杭州城区PM2.5和PM10污染特征及其影响因子分析

利用2013年12月—2014年11月杭州城区空气质量监测站PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度值结合气象、道路、人口数据以及站点周边绿地信息分析PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度时空特征及其影响因子。结果表明,杭州城区各监测站PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)晴天日浓度变化趋势基本一致,PM_(2.5)比PM_(10)污染严重;晴天日PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度值与对应的温度(-0.463,-0.281)、风速(-0.305,-0.332)呈负相关,与湿度(0.257,0.239)呈正相关;晴天有风时,杭州市区PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染北部重于南部,东部重于西部,浓度极高值集中在风速小于5 m/s时段,且风速越小浓度值越高;温度为12℃左右,湿度在60%~80%时,颗粒物污染最严重;交通高峰时各监测站PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染程度存在明显差异。相关性分析表明,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染程度与道路密度成正比,与缓冲区内绿地覆盖面积成反比。PM_(2.5)污染程度与人口密度成正比,PM_(10)污染与人口密度成反比。     

Modeling military trampling effects on glacial soils in the humid continental climate of southern New York

The purpose of this research is to create a baseline model of soil compaction response to trampling and a methodology to model the effects of trampling on soil. Although trampling studies have been conducted in the past, the analysis of military training in part provides a different perspective and approach. The data showed bulk densities remained relatively constant for a time and then began to increase at an increasing rate for several hundred passes and finally leveled and remained at or below 1.30 g/cm3 through the remainder of the experiment. Mathematical models were created based on empirical data from a trampling experiment using a more standard logistical growth curve as well as curves based on Weibull and gamma cumulative distribution functions (CDFs). The experiment and the resulting models give quantifiable continuous inference on the effects of trampling, as opposed to the existing qualitative assessments. These baseline models will be the foundation for future studies of land management when trampling occurs.     

岩土介质动静力学参数与介质物理组构参数之间的关系

岩土体是地质历史的产物,有着特定的物质组分和结构构造,从而表现出复杂的工程力学性质。为研究岩土介质动、静力学参数与岩土介质物理组构参数三者的关系,文章结合工程岩土体勘察评价,对岩土介质进行了一系列物理力学测试和波动测试,取得了一定量的测试数据。分析中特别关注了岩土介质的弹性波速与介质密度之间的关系。研究发现,岩样和土样波速与密度测试值在波速-密度参数空间中展现出了几种相对性:整体有序与局部混沌的相对性、分布域位置和结构的确定与域内参数随机分布的相对性、在某一分布域内整体样本无序与各类子样本有序的相对性。把握这几种相对性对于岩土介质的理论研究和工程应用都十分有意义。     

KTV娱乐场所火灾荷载调查与统计分析研究

火灾荷载的选取是设计火灾的重要环节,同时也是保证火灾风险评估科学可靠的关键因素。火灾荷载的实地调查和统计分析是火灾荷载研究工作的重要手段。通过对全国各地23家KTV娱乐场所的349个包间进行调查,统计出KTV包间可燃物种类、质量情况以及不同可燃物所占质量比。并且,通过调查得出KTV包间的面积情况。对所调查的349个包间的火灾荷载分布情况进行研究,利用数理统计的方法得到了该类场所火灾荷载密度、均值、最大值、最小值等数据,为火灾风险评估中火灾场景的设计提供了数据基础。     

共同沟工艺及给排水设计的几点探讨

我国在工程设计中越来越多地采用共同沟工艺,但尚未有国家层面的标准化的相关规范,因此现阶段的工艺设计在给排水方面需参照国外及国内已兴建的共同管沟,尽可能全面地考虑工程设计中会碰到的问题,由此提出一些设计理念。     

Conserving and managing the subnivium

In regions where snowfall historically has been a defining seasonal characteristic of the landscape, warming winters have reduced the depth, duration, and extent of snowpack. However, most management and conservation has focused on how aboveground wildlife will be affected by altered snow conditions, even though the majority of species that persist through the winter do so under the snowpack in a thermally stable refugium: the subnivium. Shortened winters, forest management practices, and winter recreation can alter subnivium conditions by increasing snow compaction and compromising thermal stability at the soil–snow interface. To help slow the loss of the subnivium in the face of rapidly changing winter conditions, we suggest managers adopt regional conservation plans for identifying threatened snow‐covered environments; measure and predict the effects land cover and habitat management has on local subnivium conditions; and control the timing and distribution of activities that disturb and compact snow cover (e.g., silvicultural practices, snow recreation, and road and trail maintenance). As a case study, we developed a spatially explicit model of subnivium presence in a working landscape of the Chequamegon National Forest, Wisconsin. We identified landscapes where winter recreation and management practices could threaten potentially important areas for subnivium persistence. Similar modeling approaches could inform management decisions related to subnivium conservation. Current climate projections predict that snow seasons will change rapidly in many regions, and as result, we advocate for the immediate recognition, conservation, and management of the subnivium and its dependent species.