“中心城-郊区-卫星城”梯度带绿地土壤重金属的空间分布特征

城市化导致城市面积扩张和土地利用方式改变,从而影响了土壤重金属空间分布.本文以成都-温江这一典型"中心城-郊区-卫星城"梯度带为研究区,探讨绿地表层土壤重金属Cu、Pb和Zn的空间分布特征及其影响因素,以期为城市土壤重金属污染治理提供帮助.结果表明,研究区内土壤Cu、Pb和Zn含量均值分别为47.77、39.98和89.65 mg·kg~(-1),其中土壤Cu和Pb含量均值超过土壤背景值.3种重金属含量在"中心城-郊区-卫星城"梯度带呈现先降低后增加的趋势.方差分析表明,区内不同绿地类型土壤Cu和Zn含量差异显著(p0.05),Pb含量在各个绿地类型下无显著性差异(p0.05);回归分析显示3种重金属含量随距城市中心距离增加而极显著降低(p0.01);缓冲区分析表明,土壤Cu、Pb和Zn含量受局部范围内的建筑密度和道路密度影响,且随局部范围内建筑密度和道路密度的增加而显著增加(p0.05).逐步回归分析显示,土壤Cu含量主要受建筑密度影响,Pb含量主要受道路密度和绿地类型影响,Zn含量则受绿地类型、道路密度和建筑密度的共同影响.研究结果显示城市化造成土壤重金属在一定程度上累积,距城市中心距离、绿地类型、建筑密度和道路密度均会影响土壤重金属的空间分布.     

回采采空区自燃的早期过程及数值模拟分析

用对流问题的迎风有限元方法结合图形显示技术，求解了采空区漏风渗流移动方程和氧浓度消耗与扩散方程（数值模型），描述了采宽区自燃早期的漏风流态和氧浓度分布特征，用高氧浓度区与蓄热区的叠加确定采空区自燃氧化带。该模型能分析在不同漏风条件下自燃氧化带的形状变化及自然发火危险位置；工作面进度和工作面风量与自燃氧化带范围具有连续的依赖关系，为研究采空区自然发火早期成长过程，合理控制工作面进度等提供一种辅助分析手段，有利于从根本上预防采空区自然发火。     

高密度培养小球藻去除CO2的研究

抗逆性强、生长速率快且能高密度培养的微藻是生物法同碳的良好材料.沼液中含有小球藻生长所需的基本营养物质,但其比例及浓度并不能满足微藻高密度发酵以大量固碳的要求.文章以沼液中驯化出的抗逆性小球藻为实验藻株,以沼液为基础培养基,考察了该藻高密度培养的条件,并将其应用于CO2的去除.结果以50％沼液为基础培养基,补加氮80 ...     

Ethanol concentration in food and body condition affect foraging behavior in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus)

Ethanol occurs in fleshy fruit as a result of sugar fermentation by both microorganisms and the plant itself; its concentration [EtOH] increases as fruit ripens. At low concentrations, ethanol is a nutrient, whereas at high concentrations, it is toxic. We hypothesized that the effects of ethanol on the foraging behavior of frugivorous vertebrates depend on its concentration in food and the body condition of the forager. We predicted that ethanol stimulates food consumption when its concentration is similar to that found in ripe fruit, whereas [EtOH] below or above that of ripe fruit has either no effect, or else deters foragers, respectively. Moreover, we expected that the amount of food ingested on a particular day of feeding influences the toxic effects of ethanol on a forager, and consequently shapes its feeding decisions on the following day. We therefore predicted that for a food-restricted forager, ethanol-rich food is of lower value than ethanol-free food. We used Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) as a model to test our hypotheses, and found that ethanol did not increase the value of food for the bats. High [EtOH] reduced the value of food for well-fed bats. However, for food-restricted bats, there was no difference between the value of ethanol-rich and ethanol-free food. Thus, microorganisms, via their production of ethanol, may affect the patterns of feeding of seed-dispersing frugivores. However, these patterns could be modified by the body condition of the animals because they might trade-off the costs of intoxication against the value of nutrients acquired.     

青藏高原土壤有机碳密度垂直分布研究

通过对青藏高原土壤普查数据的整理分析,定量研究了青藏高原28个典型土壤类型、14个主要生态系统类型0～20cm、20～50em及50～100cm深度内土壤有机碳密度的垂直分布规律.结果表明,青藏高原28个典型土壤类型3个土层的有机碳密度平均值为(6.16±1.08)kg·m-2、(5.06 ±0.85)kg·m-2、(5.30±0.82)kg·m-2;在0～100cm土层内,暗棕壤、沼泽土的有机碳密度显著高于其它土壤类型,而高山漠土、灰棕漠土、亚高山漠土的有机碳密度不仅远远低于区域平均水平,而且显著低于其它土壤类型.14个典型生态系统土壤的有机碳密度均值为(7.47±1.38)kg·m-2、(6.07±1.24)kg·m-2、(6.46±1.16)kg·m-2;其中,以沼泽草甸、针叶林土壤的有机碳密度最高,而温性荒漠、高寒荒漠、高寒草原及亚高山草原土壤有机碳密度显著低于其它生态系统.这不仅体现了青藏高原土壤-植被显著的地带性分布,而且为青藏高原土壤有机碳循环模型,及有机碳对全球变化的响应研究提供重要的基础数据.     

Inerting effect of N2 on explosion of LDPE dust/ethylene hybrid mixtures

Explosion flame propagation characteristics and overpressure distribution of low density polyethylene (LDPE) dust and ethylene hybrid mixture were investigated under N₂ inerting conditions using a custom-designed 12 L cylindrical explosion tank. The results showed that a small amount of ethylene could promote the explosion characteristics of LDPE dust. N₂ inerting had different inhibitory effects on the explosion flame of LDPE dust and its mixture with ethylene. The explosion overpressure strength of the LDPE dust/ethylene hybrid mixture decreased with increasing N₂ concentration. The overall suppression effect of N₂ on the explosion overpressure of the LDPE dust was better than that of the LDPE dust/ethylene hybrid mixture explosion. As the ethylene concentration increased from 0% to 2.5%, the limiting oxygen concentration decreased by 13% oxygen. This small amount of ethylene restricted the traditional inerting process. The study conclusions can provide further scientific basis for the inerting and explosion proofing design of production process equipment involving LDPE dust.     

双衬层填埋场电法渗漏检测影响因素分析

双衬层填埋场采用电法进行渗漏检测时,漏洞电流大小、检测电极与防渗层之间的距离、介质的电阻率以及供电电极的位置皆可影响检测效果。分别对以上几个因素进行了仿真分析,结果显示:漏洞电流越大、检测电极距防渗层越近、供电电极与漏洞的水平距离越远,检测效果越好;而渗滤液污染导致的局部土壤电阻率变低,则使检测效果变差。     

3种赤潮藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫的急性毒性效应

应用急性毒性试验方法,研究了可控生态条件下不同密度的东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu)、赤潮异弯藻 (Heterosigma akashiwo Hada)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense Balech) 对褶皱臂尾轮虫（Brachionus plicatilis）的致死率和种群增长参数的影响. 结果表明,东海原甲藻、赤潮异弯藻和塔玛亚历山大藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫24 h的LC₅₀分别为3.56、 1.21和0.49 (×10⁴　cells/mL); 3种赤潮藻在对褶皱臂尾轮虫的致毒过程中均表现了明显的密度效应; 10⁴cells/mL的东海原甲藻藻体,10⁵cells/mL的赤潮异弯藻滤液和藻内容物以及10³ cells/mL的塔玛亚历山大藻滤液、藻内容物和藻体对褶皱臂尾轮虫有显著的抑制效应,且抑制作用随藻密度的增加而增强.     

Intraspecific competition and high food availability are associated with insular gigantism in a lizard

Resource availability, competition, and predation commonly drive body size evolution. We assess the impact of high food availability and the consequent increased intraspecific competition, as expressed by tail injuries and cannibalism, on body size in Skyros wall lizards (Podarcis gaigeae). Lizard populations on islets surrounding Skyros (Aegean Sea) all have fewer predators and competitors than on Skyros but differ in the numbers of nesting seabirds. We predicted the following: (1) the presence of breeding seabirds (providing nutrients) will increase lizard population densities; (2) dense lizard populations will experience stronger intraspecific competition; and (3) such aggression, will be associated with larger average body size. We found a positive correlation between seabird and lizard densities. Cannibalism and tail injuries were considerably higher in dense populations. Increases in cannibalism and tail loss were associated with large body sizes. Adult cannibalism on juveniles may select for rapid growth, fuelled by high food abundance, setting thus the stage for the evolution of gigantism.     

Biased sex ratio and low population density increase male mating success in the bug Nysius huttoni (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)

Demographic factors such as operational sex ratio (OSR) and local population density (LPD) are temporally and spatially dynamic in the natural environment but the influence of these variables on male mating success and the mechanisms behind it are still poorly understood and highly controversial. Here, we manipulated the OSR and LPD of a seed bug, Nysius huttoni, and carried out a series of mating trials to test how these variables affected male mating success. The two demographic factors had no significant interactions, suggesting that they affect male mating success independently in N. huttoni. In this species male mating success was significantly higher in both male- and female-biased OSR than in even OSR. It is suggested that, in male-biased OSR, the increased intensity of competition and interference does not result in lower male mating success; rather, males may make more effort in courting and females may have more chance to encounter better males, resulting in higher male mating success. In female-biased OSR, females may become less choosy and less likely to reject male mating attempt, leading to the higher male mating success. Lower male mating success in N. huttoni in high LPD may be due to increased interference between males and/or delayed female receptiveness for mating. OSR had a stronger effect on male mating success than LPD in N. huttoni, suggesting that OSR and LPD affect mating success in different ways and intensities.