皂素生产废水的资源化综合利用实验

皂素生产废水是强酸性高浓度有机废水,富含淀粉水解后的糖类.据此特点,以皂素生产中的一次废水为原料,经中和处理后进行酒精发酵,使废水资源化.结果表明,采用工业氨水为中和剂,中和用量为5.20%(体积分数),发酵接种量为10%(体积分数),总发酵时间为60 h时,4 L废水可生产出95%的工业酒精120 mL.一次废水COD去除率达75%,后续废水量大大减少,具有明显的环境效益.经估算每生产lt工业酒精可处理4lt一次废水,与生产成本相比,具有明显的经济效益.     

The impact of seasonal variations in DOC arising from a moorland peat catchment on coagulation with iron and aluminium salts

Natural organic matter (NOM) is one of the main sources of environmental pollution to drinking water supplies in much of the UK and the US. Whilst traditional treatment with trivalent coagulants has proven a successful strategy in the past, operational problems are now being reported during periods of elevated organic levels in the water. Characterisation of the pollutants in terms of polarity, molecular weight and charge, provides a method to understand the impact of the observed temporal and spatial variations in terms of a mechanistic parameter relevant to the treatment processes. Results from this study demonstrate that it is not simply the increased organic concentration, but also the change in NOM composition and character, which influences the impact on the treatment processes. Consequently, monitoring of these parameters provides an insight into how to manage the impact caused by environmental changes to the catchments.     

不同遮光方式的抑藻效果比较研究

藻类的生长繁殖与其自身通过光照进行光合作用有着密不可分的关系。研究了遮光面积、遮光周期、遮光率与水体叶绿素a含量和藻类密度之间的关系,探讨不同遮光方式对藻类生长的抑制作用;以及不同遮光方式下水体中氮磷浓度的变化情况。实验结果显示：遮光50%以上的实验桶内的叶绿素a含量和藻类密度相对于不遮光减少50%以上;从上午9：00至下午3：00遮光,12 d可以使绿素a浓度和藻类数量相对于不遮光减少70%以上;遮光率达到67%以上时,抑藻效果才较为明显,第12 d时,叶绿素a含量和藻类密度相对于不遮光减少50%以上。遮光是抑制藻类暴发的有效措施之一,不同水体可以根据具体情况选择不同的遮光方式。     

Long-Term Biomonitoring with Lichens: Comparing Data from Different Sampling Procedures

The results of 2 biomonitoring surveys carried out over a span of 7 years (1996–2003) in the Province of Ancona (central Italy) using the diversity of epiphytic lichens are reported. According to a recent standardisation process, in 2003 a different protocol was adopted, raising the problem of data comparability with the previous study. For this reason, a ‘pilot study' was carried out in which the two sampling tactics were both used. The high correlation between biodiversity values proved by the results of this study, let to compare the two lichen diversity data set and to identify the impacts on lichen communities of temporal variations of atmospheric quality in the study area, showing a reduction of stations classified as ‘altered' and an increase in stations classified as ‘semi-altered'. Furthermore, possible reduction of the sampling effort was detected performing a study on the sampling density of the survey area, indicating in a 6 × 6 km grid the best density to adopt in order to save financial resources for the future.     

Crown density assessments, control surveys and reproducibility

This study aims to evaluate the quality of crown density data, based on independent, pairwise tree assessments. The data originates from monitoring of forest health (crown condition) in Norway; 250 plots, comprising 12 000 individual trees of Norway spruce, have been reassessed by a single observer during 1990–95. Of the trees, 2300 were controlled more than twice, providing the possibility of evaluating the quality of assessed temporal changes of crown density. True errors (standard deviation) are estimated to be about 10% for single trees and 5% for plot means, while the real standard deviation of the differences were slightly higher. The errors of the temporal changes of crown density were of similar magnitude. Systematic differences in crown density were found between sites and plot types, partly resulting from observer bias. However, the results suggest that observer bias is really the result of each observer's personal style in assessment.     

A Fast Method for Monitoring Foliage Density in Single Lower-canopy Trees

A subjective visual assessment of foliage density is the mostwidely used rapid method of determining forest health. Forthese assessments to be ecologically meaningful they must bereliable (have low inter- and intra-observer variability) andreadily relate to a measure of physiological or physicalstress. A simple rapid method for assessing percent foliagedensity in lower stature trees is described. This method haslow inter-observer variability (standard deviation betweenobservers=8.6%) and therefore, minimizes the risk ofconfounding the effects of different observers with genuinechanges in density. The percentage changes in this measure offoliage density correlate well with percentage changes inbiomass, allowing a ready interpretation of observed changes.The technique does not specifically identify the cause of themeasured changes, however, with appropriate additionalmeasures this problem may be overcome.     

洞庭湖稻作区褐家鼠种群数量预测

1986年10月至1990年9月对洞庭湖稻作区褐家鼠的种群数量进行了逐月调查的基础上,对影响褐家鼠种群数量变动的因子(种群基数、种群年龄结构和气候等因子)进行了逐一分析和筛选。再从简单性、实用性考虑,确定了和预测月份(7月、9月)相关系数显著的主要影响因子,3月份农舍褐家鼠的夹捕率、3月农舍夹捕褐家鼠群体中的成功比和3月份月平均气温。根据洞庭湖稻作区农业耕作制度以及褐家鼠对该地区农业生产危害的特点,建立了2个农田褐家鼠种群数量预测模型：Y1=0.4590X1 0.6523X2-0.4194X3-7.4563和Y2=0.2773X1 0.3978X2-0.2459X3-4.5693,Y1模型预测当年7月农田褐家鼠种群的数量,Y2模型预测当年9月农田褐家鼠种群的数量。实际运用该预测模型对湖南省汉寿县1997年7月、9月,1998年7月、9月,1999年7月、9月,2000年7月农田褐家鼠种群的发生数量进行预报,发生数量级预测值与实测值吻合程度良好。     

泥石流点密度和面密度对区域泥石流危险度的影响——对比研究

泥石流分布密度是区域泥石流危险度评价的主要指标。泥石流分布密度分为点密度和面密度,前者是指每103km内泥石流沟的数量;后者是指每103km内泥石流沟的流域面积。以川西山区60个县市区为研究样本,分别以泥石流点密度和面密度作为区域泥石流危险度的主要评价指标,结合7个相同的区域泥石流危险度的次要评价指标,对研究区以县市区为基本单元的区域泥石流危险度进行了定量评价。结果表明,各县市区面积加权平均后的泥石流危险度分别为0.51(面密度)和0.52(点密度),差别甚微,整体上均属于泥石流中度危险区。两者的平均绝对差值0.04,远小于0.2这一危险度等级差值,平均相对差值为6.49%,小于10%这一允许的均方差范围。由此可知,用泥石流面密度来评价区域泥石流危险度,并非优于点密度;相反地,由于泥石流点密度具有获取资料相对容易、计算比较简便、工作量较小等优点,因而具有更为便利的推广应用价值。     

用计算机仿真技术检验自然灾害模糊风险模型

自然灾害模糊风险是用模糊集对自然灾害风险的一种近似表达．本文建议了一种计算机仿真方法，用来检验计算模糊风险的模型是否可靠．假定真实的概率风险可以用某个概率密度函数来表达，当用某种模型依据小样本来估计这个函数时，必然会存在误差．设给定概率密度函数的其望值为Ｅ， 用传统模型估计得到的概率密度函数的期望值为Ｅ，用某种模糊数学方法计算出来的模糊概率分布的期望值为Ｅ．如果Ｅ与Ｅ的差小于Ｅ与Ｅ的差，则说明模糊风险模型比较可靠．本文给出了计算Ｅ的公式，对计算机仿真实验进行设计．并给出了产生随机数的３个重要程序．