铜绿微囊藻生长代谢的密度依赖性特征及分子机制

蓝藻水华是淡水湖库普遍面临的水环境问题,目前水华形成机制研究大多关注外界环境因素而忽略了藻类自身及群体的关键调节作用.因此,本文以初始细胞密度为单一变量,考察了不同初始细胞密度条件下蓝藻生长、营养物质利用、叶绿素、藻毒素、胞外分泌物随时间的变化情况.结果发现,初始细胞密度会影响铜绿微囊藻的环境适应性和生长情况,当接种密度≥1×10⁶ cell·mL^-1,铜绿微囊藻适应期消失,初始细胞密度从1×10⁵ cell·mL^-1增加至1×10⁷ cell·mL^-1,最高细胞密度增加了68%,生长速率提高了21%,并且叶绿素变化趋势与生长情况一致.胞外分泌物随初始细胞密度增加而逐渐增加,有利于蓝藻细胞聚集成膜.当初始细胞密度较低（1×10⁵ cell·mL^-1）时,单细胞藻毒素分泌量反而增加,以提高蓝藻的环境适应能力.在高初始密度（1×10⁷ cell·mL^-1）条件下,铜绿微囊藻主要通过上调丙酮酸代谢和碳代谢,促进细胞生长增殖.因此,细胞密度是影响铜绿微囊藻生长代谢的重要因素,在蓝藻水华形成过程中可能发挥重要作用,水华防治应当在细胞密度较低的阶段进行.     

济南市大气颗粒物背景值确定方法

城市大气颗粒物背景值的确定能够为制订城市大气颗粒物污染防治目标提供重要基础支撑,探索大气颗粒物背景值确定方法对于大气污染防治具有重要意义.以济南市清洁对照点跑马岭监测数据为基础,直接采用概率密度法计算得到的ρ（PM₁₀）和ρ（PM_2.5）背景值范围分别是100~110和40~50 μg/m3.综合应用空气质量模型模拟法和概率密度法,提出基于数值模拟的城市大气颗粒物环境背景值确定方法,并在此基础上确定了济南市大气颗粒物背景值.结果表明:济南市ρ（PM₁₀）和ρ（PM_2.5）背景值范围分别是30~35和15~20 μg/m3,其中ρ（PM₁₀）环境背景值秋季（40~45 μg/m3）最高、夏季（25~30 μg/m3）最低;ρ（PM_2.5）环境背景值秋季（25~30 μg/m3）最高、冬季（10~15 μg/m3）最低.研究显示,基于数值模拟计算得到的颗粒物背景值明显低于直接采用概率密度法得到的结果,表明跑马岭受人为因素影响明显,监测结果已不能完全代表济南市大气颗粒物背景值水平;而数值模拟法可以完全剔除了人为源的贡献,计算得到较为准确的ρ（PM₁₀）和ρ（PM_2.5）背景值.      

辽宁省近12年对流层甲醛柱浓度时空变化及其影响因素

基于OMI遥感反演的对流层甲醛柱浓度资料,研究了辽宁省2005—2016年对流层甲醛柱浓度的时空分布特征,并分析了对流层甲醛柱浓度的主要影响因素.结果表明:近12年辽宁省对流层甲醛柱浓度整体上波动较大,2005—2013年逐渐增大,平均增速为0.74×1015molec·cm-2,空间分布上整体表现为低值区主要分布在辽西山地丘陵地区,高值区分布在沈阳以东大部分地区,浓度在12×1015~13×1015molec·cm-2之间;2005—2008年辽宁省甲醛污染相对较轻,对流层甲醛柱浓度整体多在3级水平以下;2009—2013年之间,对流层甲醛柱浓度的3级分布区域逐渐缩小,4级分布区域不断扩大,并在2010年出现5级水平污染区域且于2013年达到最大.春季各个区域对流层甲醛柱浓度相对于其它季节较低,夏季各个地区对流层甲醛柱浓度值整体上高于其它季节,以4级及5级水平污染为主,秋、冬季各个区域的对流层甲醛柱浓度值分布居于春、夏两季之间.辽宁省对流层甲醛柱浓度的月变化特征大致符合正弦曲线分布特征,即对流层甲醛柱浓度自1月不断上升,于6月达到峰值后又不断下降.能源消耗及工业生产与大气中甲醛的浓度的变化息息相关,人口数量及生产总值与对流层甲醛柱浓度也具有显著的正相关关系.高温利于甲醛的扩散和挥发,辽宁省独特的地形地理位置对甲醛的扩散与传播产生影响.     

1973~2013年黑龙江省森林碳储量及其动态变化

基于1973~2013年8次省森林清查数据以及实测数据改进的生物量蓄积量转换参数,利用生物量转换因子连续函数法,研究了近40a黑龙江省森林碳储量及其动态变化.结果表明：黑龙江省森林碳储量从1973~1976年的1159.35 TgC下降到2009~2013年的833.99 TgC,其中天然林减少387.51 TgC,人工林增加62.15 TgC;森林总体表现为碳源（-10.88 TgC/a）,主要归因于天然林面积的减少.不同森林类型的碳储量存在较大差异,桦木、落叶松和阔叶混是碳储量的主要贡献者;大多数森林类型的碳密度呈上升趋势.森林以中、幼龄林为主,中龄林碳储量占同期全省总量的27.9%~46.6%,其他龄组的碳储量均呈减少趋势,以成熟林最为明显（201.17 TgC）;幼龄林、中龄林和近熟林的碳密度分别增加2.20、3.21和3.43MgC/hm²,成熟林和过熟林则有所下降;不同龄组森林面积和碳密度的变化是导致其碳储量变化的主要原因.     

Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in surface soils, Beijing

Urbanization processes affect the accumulation of heavy metals in urban soils. Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in soils were studied using Beijing as an example. It has been suggested that the ecological function of vegetation covers shifting from natural to agricultural settings and then to urban greenbelts could increase the zinc(Zn) concentrations of soils successively. The Zn concentration of urban soils was significantly correlated to the percentage of the impervious land surface at the500 m × 500 m spatial scale. For urban parks, the age or years since the development accounted for 80% of the variances of cadmium(Cd) and Zn in soils. The population density,however, did not affect the heavy metal distributions in urban soils. To conclude, the urban age turned out to be a notable factor in quantifying heavy metal accumulation in urban soils.     

Influence of biomass density and food to microorganisms ratio on the mixed culture type I methanotrophs enriched from activated sludge

Methanotrophic based process can be the remedy to offset the wastewater treatment facilities increasing energy requirements due to methanotroph's unique ability to integrate methane assimilation with multiple biotechnological applications like biological nitrogen removal and methanol production. Regardless of the methanotrophic process end product, the challenge to maintain stable microbial growth in the methanotrophs cultivation bioreactor at higher cell densities is one of the major obstacles facing the process upscaling. Therefore, a series of consecutive batch tests were performed to attentively investigate the biomass density influence on type I methanotrophs bacterial growth. In addition, food to microorganisms(F/M), carbon to nitrogen(C/N) and nitrogen to microorganisms(N/M) ratio effect on the microbial activity was studied for the first time. It was clarified that the F/M ratio is the most influencing factor on the microbial growth at higher biomass densities rather than the biomass density increase, whereas C/N and N/M ratio change, while using nitrate as the nitrogen source,does not influence methanotrophs microbial growth. These study results would facilitate the scaling up of methanotrophic based biotechnology by identifying that F/M ratio as the key parameter that influences methanotrophs cultivation at high biomass densities.     

中国南方喀斯特地区石灰土容重传递函数模型及影响因素研究

土壤容重(BD)数据的缺失严重影响了我国南方喀斯特地区土壤碳储量的估算,亟待利用已有数据来构建容重传递函数模型(PTFs)。本文利用南方喀斯特分布省份的石灰土土壤普查数据,首次较为系统地研究了喀斯特地区石灰土的容重传递函数模型及影响因素。研究结果表明:(1)国内外已发表的容重PTFs对中国南方喀斯特地区非地带性石灰土的适用性较差,需要进行优化或重新建立新的容重函数预测模型;(2)优化后的模型Shiri et al(2017)~*、韩光中等(2016)-a~*和韩光中等(2016)-c~*的预测精度得到明显提高;(3)基于石灰土亚类建立的PTFs具有很高的拟合度和预测精度,比优化模型更加适宜于喀斯特石灰土的土壤容重预测;(4)不同石灰土亚类容重预测的影响因素存在差异,其中土壤有机质含量是石灰土容重预测的关键因素,与各亚类土壤的BD都有很高的相关性;(5)土壤容重传递函数模型的适用性不仅与研究区域有关,同时也与研究的土壤类型有关。建议在今后喀斯特地区土壤容重预测模型研究中充分考虑地域差异性和土壤类型因素。     

Seabirds as Indicators of Changes in Marine Ecosystems: Ecological Monitoring on Machias Seal Island

Changes in marine ecosystems can be manifested in many different ways, on different temporal and spatial scales. Seabirds are top consumers in marine foodwebs and offer opportunities to detect and assess the biological effects of changes in physical parameters (sea-surface temperature [SST], salinity, depth of thermocline etc.) of the marine ecosystem. We compare six-eight years' of data on the biology (diet, and breeding success) of four species of seabird (arctic tern Sterna paradisaeaand common tern S. hirundo, which feed at the sea surface; and Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica and razorbill Alca torda, which dive 30–60 m for their prey) breeding on Machias Seal Island (MSI) in the Bay of Fundy with both our own meteorological and oceanographic measurements, and with standard measurements from conventional sources. These are compared with fisheries data on changes in the main prey of all the seabirds concerned (juvenile or 0-group herring Clupea harengus) which are the most direct link between the seabirds and the physical properties of the marine system. We explore relationships between seabird productivity and diet, and other aspects of both herring biology (larval surveys, and fat content) and oceanography (SST data from the island, and remotely sensed data from the entrance to the Bay of Fundy). Timing of laying by puffins followed SST variation at neither the local (MSI) nor regional scales, but at the scale of the North Atlantic, following the trend of populations breeding off northern Norway. The proportion of herring in the diet of terns over 6 years varied inversely with herring larval abundance the previous fall; this relationship was not statistically significant in the puffin and razorbill. A major new finding is the considerable (50%) inter-annual variation in the energy density (fat content) of juvenile herring that are the main seabird prey; breeding success of both species of tern varied in parallel with the energy density of juvenile herring in the diet until the last two years of the study, when sandlance (Ammodytes sp.) and euphausid shrimp predominated in the diet. Our long-term research approach combines traditional population monitoring (of numbers of breeding birds) with demographic, behavioural and environmental monitoring, to provide new understanding of the marine ecosystem as well as of seabirds.     

广州市GSM移动电话基站发射电磁波对环境污染影响分析

依据国标《环境电磁波卫生标准》(GB91 75 -88) ,从理论上讨论了 GSM移动通信基站电磁辐射对环境的影响 ;并利用若干基站的实际测试数据 ,说明在一般情况下 ,对于基站周围的民居或其它楼宇里居住或工作的人群 ,移动通信基站的电磁辐射强度远低于国家标准 ,也远低于美国的标准     

九寨沟公路和栈道降雨径流污染负荷过程的研究

对九寨沟国家公园中的公路和游客栈道进行了人工降雨试验的设计、操作和测试数据分析.模拟试验选择6处公路和栈道试验区,采用人工降雨方法模拟雨量出现概率60%、历时30 min的降雨.试验按3 min间隔对各试验场降雨径流带出的总磷负荷进行现场监测.研究结果提供了在具有代表性的降雨条件对总磷营养物输出的定量估计.尤其对公路和栈道降雨径流特征获得了认识:污染物初始冲刷浓度期延续约3 min;在降雨强度不变的情况下,污染物负荷率接近常量.大部分污染物负荷可由出现频率较大的小降雨事件输出.表明研究结果提供了一种思路,即可采用平均负荷方式取代过去的平均浓度方式去构建公路和栈道的负荷模型.