复合无机防火涂料优配研究

以市售无机膨胀型AB牌防火涂料为研究基础,复合了膨胀阻燃剂(APP-MEL-PER阻燃体系)、抑烟剂和助剂,进行了新型防火涂料的制备,当膨胀阻燃体系(APP-MEL-PER阻燃体系)以17∶6∶6的配比混合于该涂料中,其所占质量百分比为19%的时,防火性能最好。测试表明,该新型防火涂料烟密度等级6.77,指数下降了10,接近于国家标准1级。在248℃~400℃期间失重仅为12%,在390℃,有强烈的吸收峰,也表现了优异的阻燃性能。实现了APP-MEL-PER膨胀阻燃剂和AB牌涂料优配的目的。     

A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING SNOWFALL AMOUNTS1

ABSTRACT: Long-term climatic data from National Weather Service stations in six areas of the United States were utilized to develop regression equations relating a “snowfall index” parameter and air temperature. Nearly 200 stations, representing a wide range in physiographic and climatic conditions, were selected for analysis. Snowfall index is defined as the ratio of snowfall depth to precipitation. Using annual data, regression analysis indicated snowfall index to be significantly (α= 0.01) related to temperature for five of the six areas studied. Differences between equations were attributed to the effects of precipitation and temperature during non-snowfall periods. Mean monthly data were also considered and significant equations (α= 0.011, representing a family of similarly shaped curves, were obtained. The illustrated equations can be used for estimating mean monthly and annual snowfall amounts for stations having only temperature and precipitation measurements.     

GAGE DENSITY AND LOCATION FOR ESTIMATING MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS1

ABSTRACT: Data from a network of 45 shielded precipitation gages on the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in Southwestern Idaho were analyzed to determine the optimum gage density for estimating mean annual precipitation. Four subsets of the 45 gage network were used to derive a curve of mean annual precipitation versus number of gages with a confidence band at the 95 percent level. When less than 20 gages were used in the estimate, the confidence interval widens rapidly. Estimates were improved by stratifying gages on the basis of plant cover class or by elevation bands. Sixty-four percent of the variation in mean annual precipitation was accounted for by elevation and cover class. The aspect and hydrologic soil classification were not statistically significant.     

Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis with Bird Populations as Habitat-Specific Environmental Indicators: Evidence from Canada

Abstract:  The traditional environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis postulates that environmental degradation follows an inverted U-shaped relationship with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. We tested the EKC hypothesis with bird populations in 5 different habitats as environmental quality indicators. Because birds are considered environmental goods, for them the EKC hypothesis would instead be associated with a U-shaped relationship between bird populations and GDP per capita. In keeping with the literature, we included other variables in the analysis—namely, human population density and time index variables (the latter variable captured the impact of persistent and exogenous climate and/or policy changes on bird populations over time). Using data from 9 Canadian provinces gathered over 37 years, we used a generalized least-squares regression for each bird habitat type, which accounted for the panel structure of the data, the cross-sectional dependence across provinces in the residuals, heteroskedasticity, and fixed- or random-effect specifications of the models. We found evidence that supports the EKC hypothesis for 3 of the 5 bird population habitat types. In addition, the relationship between human population density and the different bird populations varied, which emphasizes the complex nature of the impact that human populations have on the environment. The relationship between the time-index variable and the different bird populations also varied, which indicates there are other persistent and significant influences on bird populations over time. Overall our EKC results were consistent with those found for threatened bird species, indicating that economic prosperity does indeed act to benefit some bird populations.     

Resolution and Analysis of Spatial Variations and Patterns in an Urban Lake with Rapid Profiling Instrumentation

Rapid response vertical profiling instrumentation was used to document spatial variability and patterns in a small urban lake, Onondaga Lake, associated with multiple drivers. Paired profiles of temperature, specific conductance (SC), turbidity (T_n), fluorometric chlorophyll a (Chl_f), and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^?) were collected at >30 fixed locations (a “gridding”) weekly, over the spring to fall interval of several years. These gridding data are analyzed (1) to characterize phytoplankton (Chl_f) patchiness in the lake's upper waters, (2) to establish the representativeness of a single long‐term site for monitoring lake‐wide conditions, and (3) to resolve spatial patterns of multiple tracers imparted by buoyancy effects of inflows. Multiple buoyancy signatures were resolved, including overflows from less dense inflows, and interflows to metalimnetic depths and underflows to the bottom from the plunging of more dense inputs. Three different metrics had utility as tracers in depicting the buoyancy signatures as follows: (1) SC, for salinity‐enriched tributaries and the more dilute river that receives the lake's outflow, (2) T_n, for the tributaries during runoff events, and (3) NO₃^?, for the effluent of a domestic waste treatment facility and from the addition of NO₃^? solution to control methyl mercury. The plunging inflow phenomenon, which frequently prevailed, has important management implications.     

济宁南部区域耕作层土壤有机碳密度及储量研究

济宁市南部区域是著名的国家商品粮、优质大蒜、优质稻米和有机蔬菜生产基地,由于土壤有机碳作为农田生态系统中土壤肥力的重要组成成分之一,在土壤改良、作物质量和产量提高等方面都有十分重要的作用,因此,对济宁南部区域耕作层土壤有机碳密度及储量的研究具有十分重要的意义。本文以济宁南部煤田地区作为典型区域,以耕作层土壤(0~20cm)为研究对象,采集了79件耕作层土壤样品,利用元素分析仪测定了土壤样品中有机碳含量。经统计分析发现,各类型土壤有机碳密度介于1.92~4.83kg/m2之间,有机碳密度的加权平均值为4.03kg/m2,高于中国表层土壤有机碳密度的平均值2.97kg/m2;通过壤质类型分类而估算的有机碳总储量为4.57×109 kg,通过土壤利用方式分类而估算的有机碳总储量为4.53×109 kg,二者基本吻合;济宁南部区域耕作层土壤有机碳富集程度受人类活动影响较大,耕作层土壤中氮含量与有机碳的线性相关系数为0.924 9;另外,有机碳富集程度与秸秆返田规模也有着一定的关联。研究结果不仅为研究区今后开展耕作层土壤环境质量评价提供依据,也为区域生态平衡研究奠定了基础。     

河口盐沼植物分布对有效光合辐射的响应

对东滩植被带光量子通量密度的调查研究表明:互花米草带与海三棱藨草带光量子通量密度没有显著性差异,其值分别为1 570和1 556μmol/(m2·s)。光照对两物种的生长、繁殖等植物行为的影响只取决于其对光照的利用能力和效率;在互花米草和海三棱藨草混生带,到达互花米草和海三棱藨草的光量子通量密度之间存在显著差异(P0.05),互花米草对海三棱藨草的遮荫效应达63%,表明互花米草对海三棱藨草具有强的遮荫作用。光照不足严重影响海三棱藨草的生长,在混生带,海三棱藨草生长速率降低,种群密度和生物量减少,植株高度增加。因此,互花米草对海三棱藨草的遮荫作用,抑制了海三棱藨草在中潮滩的更新过程,因而也是造成海三棱藨草生境丧失的重要原因之一。     

爆炸超压场景下危化品社会风险对允许规划人口密度的影响分析*

为研究危化品重大危险源基于社会风险基准的规划管控影响,采用我国标准规定的定量风险评价方法,TNT当量炸药简化方法,针对最大TNT当量炸药、事故发生总累计频率、人口密度分布控制参数等不同工况条件,对比分析国土开发强度的允许人口密度受社会风险约束影响的变化规律。研究结果表明:人口密度指数分布控制参数Nk与Nb的允许取值随最大TNT当量炸药和事故发生总累计频率降低而提高;确定工况下,允许总人口规模受最大TNT当量炸药影响很小;在最大TNT当量炸药大于100 t或事故发生总累计频率小于1×10-8次/a时可按最大事故场景进行规划控制分析。     

随机不确定性影响下某航炮发射动力学仿真

目的研究随机不确定性对航炮发射动力学响应的影响,提高其射击密集度。方法建立某航炮刚柔耦合动力学模型,利用ADAMS软件进行发射动力学仿真分析。考虑航炮射击过程中的不确定因素,采用非概率凸集模型进行量化,揭示缓冲器弹簧刚度、平衡机弹簧刚度、炮膛合力等参数不确定性对航炮射击密集度的影响规律。结果炮口振动在不确定性因素的影响下,出现振动幅值增大,在区间范围内波动的现象。结论航炮射击时的炮口振动严重影响了射击密集度,因此在设计时必须考虑不确定性因素,所得结果对于提高航炮系统射击密集度具有一定的指导意义。     

Al/BN封严涂层在盐雾环境中的腐蚀性能及表面特征研究

目的 研究Al/BN封严涂层在海洋环境下的腐蚀历程。方法 使用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电化学等测试方法,对Al/BN封严涂层在盐雾环境中的腐蚀行为、形貌、显微结构、相组成及耐腐蚀等性能进行研究,分析Al/BN封严涂层在盐雾试验中的电化学腐蚀过程。结果 在96 h盐雾试验中,Al/BN封严涂层的腐蚀过程分为2个阶段,分别为孔蚀形成期和孔蚀发展期。在前72 h的盐雾腐蚀时间里,Al/BN封严涂层的腐蚀产物对于孔洞的堵塞越来越严重,自腐蚀电流密度也处于下降状态,表明Al/BN封严涂层的腐蚀产物有效地阻止了腐蚀速度的加剧。在第2阶段,阻抗值有所下降,是因为腐蚀产物龟裂或孔洞内局部酸化造成。结论 Al/BN涂层的腐蚀产物对Al/BN封严涂层的自腐蚀速率有比较大的影响。