足底压力测量技术在鞋靴设计中的应用及进展

足底压力测量技术是用来研究穿鞋状态下足-鞋界面压力分布的必要手段,对生物力学和临床医学等的相关理论和技术都有着重要的作用,也为指导人们健康穿鞋与科学制鞋带来了科学理论依据。本文概要地介绍足底压力测量技术发展历史及其在鞋靴设计领域中的应用方向。     

Pressure Sensitive Mats as Safety Devices in Danger Zones

Developing prototypes of pressure sensitive mats and testing their practical application were the aims of this study. Two contact plate mats were designed and constructed: rubber-rubber (R) and metal-metal (M). A recipe for rubber mixes and the production technology were prepared. Two laboratory test stands for measuring the actuating force, response time, static pressure resistance, and the durability of the mats were constructed. Computer software was written to control the operation of those test stands. Methods of testing pressure sensitive mats were based on PrDIN 31 006 (Deutsches Institut fur Normung [DIN], 1990) and EN 1760–1 (Comite Europeen de Normalisation [CEN], 1997). Both prototypes of contact plate mats were tested under laboratory and industrial conditions.

The test results proved that the design was correct, the setup requirements were fulfilled, and the mats were efficient and reliable in the industrial environment.     

混凝土高温爆裂性能影响因素及预防措施综述

对混凝土高温爆裂成因进行总结,综述高温下混凝土内部蒸汽压力的测试手段、降低混凝土内部蒸汽压力方法、提高混凝土在高温中的抗高温爆裂性能的方法,以及总结了升温速率对混凝土高温爆裂的影响,并提出了几种预防混凝土高温爆裂的措施,为混凝土高温爆裂研究提供依据。     

不同冲击速度下硬煤的力学特性试验研究

为了研究硬煤破坏过程中的动态力学特性，采用Φ50 mm变截面分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验系统，对45#钢制薄壁套筒施加环向约束的硬煤试件进行不同加载速率的冲击压缩试验，得到被动围压下轴向应力-应变曲线、径向应力-应变曲线及最大被动围压和冲击速度的关系。研究结果表明:峰值应力、峰值应变随着冲击速度的增大而增大，最大被动围压值与冲击速度呈幂次增长的关系；被动围压下的硬煤试件变形受到限制，试件延性、抗压能力显著提高；随着冲击速度的增大，薄壁套筒对试件的约束也逐渐增大，达到峰值后，冲击速度对被动围压的影响减小，筒壁厚度影响着被动围压效果。     

Social environment versus cycling competency predicting risk-taking in 11- to 13-year-old cyclists in The Netherlands

Abstract

Objectives: From age 12 onwards, cycling injuries begin rising in The Netherlands. A known contributing factor is younger children’s underdeveloped competency to deal with complex and hazardous traffic situations, and their exposure to such situations strongly increases after transitioning to secondary school. Little is known about intentional risk-taking as a contributing factor. In this developmental stage, children become increasingly vulnerable because of intentional risk-taking, affecting their safety and health. The incidence, predictors in the child’s social environment, and trends of such risks are systematically monitored; for instance, for alcohol use, smoking, and cyber bullying. Such monitors do not include risky road behavior. This exploratory field study examined the frequency of intentional risky cycling, its relationship with the perceived social environment, and relative to cycling competency measured as the ability to detect emerging hazards quickly.

Methods: Three hundred thirty-five students between 11 and 13 years of age (51% male) completed computerized tests of hazard perception skill and surveys on crashes, risk-taking, peer pressure, perceived risk-taking by parents or friends, and exposure to risky driving as passenger.

Results: Frequent risk-taking was associated with higher crash frequency. Stepwise regression confirmed that children who more often took risks on the road were also more sensitive to peer pressure, had more often been passengers of risky drivers, had parents and friends who exhibited risky behaviors in traffic more often, and perceived hazards as less dangerous but, in contrast to expectations, did not do worse on the detection of hazards. The predictors explained 28% of the variance in total risk-taking but varied from 6 to 20% depending on the specific risk-taking behavior concerned.

Conclusions: At least 20% of children sometimes or more often take risks in traffic. Children who feel peer pressure to behave in a risky manner, observe parents and friends behaving in a risky manner in traffic, and have been exposed as passengers to risky driving more often take risks in traffic themselves. These results provide support for including items on risky road behavior in health monitors and to design interventions that address the risk factors in the child’s perceived social environment.     

空气过滤中气体流速对滤饼的影响

研究了过滤风速对滤饼空隙率的影响,同时研究了反吹风速与滤饼残余阻力的关系,并进一步探讨了滤饼与滤料附着力的计算。结果表明:过滤速度的增加会导致滤饼层阻力增加和空隙率的减少,过滤速度的增加会导致滤饼层残余阻力的增加,利用反吹风速与压力损失的变化关系,可以估算得到粉尘与滤料的附着力。     

密相流态化气力输送技术的工业试验研究

对燃煤电厂密相流态化气力输送系统的不同工况进行1：1工业试验研究。在不影响粉煤灰正常输送的前提下，采集系统核心部件仓泵的压力曲线及数据，对其进行分析。研究认为，仓泵的设计压力至少可以降低为0.8MPa，并对管路系统提出改进方案，为密相流态化气力输送的设计和运行提供参考依据。     

烟气注入采空区封存的可行性与安全性分析

采用自制的煤大样量吸附实验装置测定了常温常压条件下煤对每种烟道气体成分 的饱和吸附量,并根据电厂烟气流量与工作面配风量的计算对井下注入烟气的安全性进 行了分析。实验数据结果显示,煤是一种多孔性物质,将电厂烟气注入井下采空区,每 吨煤可封存烟气中CO2约1.2 m3, N2约0.26 m3,其中烟气中SO2和NO2可全部被煤样封 存,揭示了利用烟气替代传统N2及CO2预防煤炭自燃的可行性;根据对电厂烟气流量及 回采工作面配风量的计算发现,在假定注入采空区的烟气与煤、岩没有任何吸附的情况 下,按照规定流量注入烟气未造成工作面回风巷中CO2、SO2气体浓度超标,NO2则超出 规定允许最高浓度,因此应对注入井下的烟气进行进一步脱硝处理。     

含瓦斯构造煤卸围压作用渗透性变化特征试验研究

针对含瓦斯煤轴压恒定卸围压渗透性演化规律,以新登煤业二1煤原煤样为研究 对象,利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤岩三轴应力蠕变渗流试验装置,开展不同围压下轴向应 力恒定卸围压渗流测试试验。基于实验结果表明:构造煤在应力加载阶段渗透率降低, 且轴压围压同时加载,渗透率变化与轴向应变符合线性变化,轴压加载阶段,渗透率与 轴向应变符合负指数函数变化规律;围压卸载阶段,渗透率在卸围压过程中一直减小, 随着轴向应变的增加,渗透率出现反弹,但未出现突变现象,渗透率增加阶段与时间变 化符合退化的负指数函数关系;构造煤渗透率卸围压失稳后,渗透率没有出现突变原因 认为煤样中没有形成较大的有效渗流通道,且在一定的有效应力作用下瓦斯渗流的有效 通道出现自愈合现象。     

煤矿瓦斯爆炸发展规律及防治的综述及展望

针对瓦斯爆炸事故在矿井开采中的危害及防治,从爆炸发展规律和爆炸防治两大方面对国内外瓦斯爆炸研究状况进行了综合评述.国内外学者通过理论法、实验法、数值模拟法对瓦斯爆炸进行研究,瓦斯爆炸发展规律方面的研究涉及到瓦斯爆炸的机理、瓦斯组分及浓度对爆炸发展规律的影响、爆炸发生的条件及危害、爆炸过程中的燃烧阶段变化及流体流动状态变...