Un-ignited and ignited high pressure hydrogen releases: Concentration – turbulence mapping and overpressure effects

Safety studies for production and use of hydrogen reveal the importance of accurate prediction of the overpressure effects generated by delayed explosions of accidental high pressure hydrogen releases. Analysis of previous experimental work demonstrates the lack of measurements of turbulent intensities and lengthscales in the flammable envelope as well as the scarceness of accurate experimental data for explosion overpressures and flame speeds. AIR LIQUIDE, AREVA STOCKAGE ENERGIE and INERIS join in a collaborative project to study un-ignited and ignited high pressure releases of hydrogen.The purpose of this work is to map hydrogen flammable envelopes in terms of concentration, velocity and turbulence, and to characterize the flame behaviour and the associated overpressure. These experimental results (dispersion and explosion) are also compared with blind FLACS modelling.     

Comparative study of explosion processes controlled by homogeneous and heterogeneous combustion mechanisms

The dust explosion behaviors induced by two different combustion mechanisms (homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanisms) were comparatively investigated, based on the experiments under different dust concentrations, particle sizes and initial pressures in Siwek 20-L chamber. Based on the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), sweet potato dust and magnesium dust were selected as the representative dusts with homogeneous and heterogeneous combustion mechanisms, respectively. Experiments find that these two dusts have different behaviors in the explosion kinetics due to different combustion mechanisms. For sweet potato dust, the explosion pressure p_max, the pressure rise rate (dp/dt)_max and the combustion fraction η exhibit similar variation trends as dust concentration increases and they all reach to the maximum values at the worst-case concentration; while for magnesium dust, the variation of (dp/dt)_max is somewhat different from that of p_max, that is, the (dp/dt)_max will achieve the maximum at the concentration higher than the worst-case and keep stabilized with further increase of dust concentration. As the particle size decreases, the (dp/dt)_max for sweet potato dust will increasingly rise and gradually approach to a stabilized value, but for magnesium dust, the increase of (dp/dt)_max becomes pronounced only in the range of smaller particle sizes. To account the effect of initial pressure on p_max under different combustion mechanisms, a dimensionless pressure P_R was introduced to denote the relative intensity of explosion. It is found that, for sweet potato dust, the increased initial pressure will promote the explosion process (or with high P_R) for the dust cloud with high concentration due to the augmented oxygen concentration, but for the dust cloud with low concentration, the increased initial pressure will suppress the explosion process due to the increased resistance in devolatilization. For magnesium dust, the rise of initial pressure will generally promote the explosion process even for the dust cloud with low concentration; however, in the case of small particle size, the promotion of increased initial pressure to the explosion process is not so pronounced.     

小浪底水库影响下的黄河花园口站和小浪底站pCO2特征及扩散通量

于2011年11月至2012年10月在黄河小浪底站和花园口站进行连续采样分析,根据亨利定律计算出表层水体二氧化碳分压(p CO2),研究了在小浪底水库"水沙调控"的影响下黄河花园口站和小浪底站表层水体p CO2特征及水-气CO2通量.结果表明,在小浪底水库正常调度期间,小浪底站表层水体p CO2在82~195 Pa之间,花园口站表层水体p CO2在99~228 Pa之间,且花园口站表层水体p CO2均高于同期的小浪底站;在小浪底水库调水调沙期间,两个水文站均表现为水库泄水期间的表层水体p CO2明显低于水库排沙期间的表层水体p CO2.无论是在小浪底水库正常调度期间还是在调水调沙期间,两个水文站表层水体p CO2均与DIC含量呈现显著的正相关关系.8、9月Ep CO2/AOU的比值高于生物好氧呼吸作用控制水体p CO2的理论下限0.62,因此8、9月生物好氧呼吸作用对水体p CO2的贡献比较明显.从全年来看小浪底站和花园口站平均水-气CO2扩散通量分别为0.486μmol·(m2·s)-1和0.588μmol·(m2·s)-1;在水库正常调度期间花园口站水-气CO2扩散通量明显高于同期的小浪底站;在小浪底水库调水调沙期间两个水文站均表现为水库泄水期间的水-气CO2扩散通量明显低于水库排沙期间的水-气CO2扩散通量.     

Effect of bulk density of coking coal on swelling pressure

Coking coals are the important raw materials for the iron and steel industries and play an important role on its sustainable development, especially on the stamp-charging coke making with the characteristics of increasing the bulk density. There is a significance on the reasonable usage of the coking coal resource with the reduced production cost, improved efficiency of the economy to develop the stamp-charging coke making technology. Important effects of the density of coking coal on the coking and caking properties were investigated. In the article, the maximum values of swelling pressure and variation of Laowan gas coal and Xinjian 1/3 coking coal, Longhu fat coal and Didao coking coal, which were mined at Shenyang and Qitaihe respectively, were investigated under different bulk densities during the coking. The results showed that when the values of density increased from 0.85 ton/m³ to 1.05 ton/m³, for the Laowan gas coal, swelling pressure variation and even the maximum value changed slightly. The swelling pressure was 3.63 KPa when the density was improved to 1.05 ton/m³; for the Xinjian 1/3 coking coal, the values of swelling pressure changed significantly and the maximum values was 82.88 KPa with the density improved to 1.05 when the coal was heated to 600℃. The coke porosity, which was investigated by automatic microphotometer, decreased from 47.4% to 33.1% with the increasing of the density from 0.85 ton/m³ to 1.05 ton/m³, and the decreased value was 14.3%. Meanwhile, the pore structures of four cokes were characterized by an optical microscope.     

Effect of mass fraction of long flame coal on swelling pressure and microstructures of cokes

Long flame coal are abundant and widely distributed in China, but the resource utilization is quite low, the production efficiency is not high. Stamp-charging coke making technology can bend some long flame coal, which can reduce production cost and expand the coking coal resources. The long flame coal of different mass fraction is added into prime coking coal including fat coal from Longhu, 1/3 coking coal from Xinjian and coking coal from Didao in experiment. The swelling pressure is tested on-line detection using pressure sensor in coke making process, and the pores are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that, the swelling pressure first increase and then decrease with the temperature increased and the maximum swelling pressure reduces gradually with mass fraction of the Long flame coal from Shenmu increased in coke making process. The SEM images of resultant coke display that the coke get more and more loose and the amount of pores is increased with mass fraction of the long flame coal from Shenmu increased. The amount pores and the pore diameter both is minimum for coking coal from Didao as prime coking coal under the same fraction of long flame coal.     

Effect of bulk density of coking coal on swelling pressure

Coking coals are the important raw materials for the iron and steel industries and play an important role on its sustainable development, especially on the stamp-charging coke making with the characteristics of increasing the bulk density. There is a significance on the reasonable usage of the coking coal resource with the reduced production cost, improved efficiency of the economy to develop the stamp-charging coke making technology. Important effects of the density of coking coal on the coking and caking properties were investigated. In the article, the maximum values of swelling pressure and variation of Laowan gas coal and Xinjian 1/3 coking coal, Longhu fat coal and Didao coking coal, which were mined at Shenyang and Qitaihe respectively, were investigated under different bulk densities during the coking. The results showed that when the values of density increased from 0.85 ton/m³ to 1.05 ton/m³, for the Laowan gas coal, swelling pressure variation and even the maximum value changed slightly. The swelling pressure was 3.63 KPa when the density was improved to 1.05 ton/m³; for the Xinjian 1/3 coking coal, the values of swelling pressure changed significantly and the maximum values was 82.88 KPa with the density improved to 1.05 when the coal was heated to 600°C. The coke porosity, which was investigated by automatic microphotometer, decreased from 47.4% to 33.1% with the increasing of the density from 0.85 ton/m³ to 1.05 ton/m³, and the decreased value was 14.3%. Meanwhile, the pore structures of four cokes were characterized by an optical microscope.     

厌氧发酵沼气提纯技术研究进展

厌氧消化产生的沼气主要成分是甲烷(CH4)50%～70%和二氧化碳(CO2)30%～50%,是一种可持续有价值的能量来源。随着矿石燃料的枯竭,沼气利用的需求不断增长,将沼气提纯到甲烷含量90%以上可取代天然气而受到广泛关注。目前沼气提纯在工业上主要通过变压吸附、吸收或膜分离等技术实现CO2的去除,也有研究者探索了原位沼气提纯技术,即在厌氧反应器中通过一定的措施实现沼气提纯,为现阶段沼气提纯技术提供新的思路和研究方向。     

气室连通管调压技术调控矿井采空区瓦斯涌出实践

在煤矿无煤柱开采过程中,采煤工作面及其作业空间往往因处于空气压能相对低位,受到邻近采空区内瓦斯等有害气体侵入的威胁。通过研究和实施气室连通管调压技术,合理改变采煤工作面邻近老空区外围的压能关系,调控老空区瓦斯涌出方向和涌出量,有效阻止老空区高浓度瓦斯侵入回采工作面作业空间。     

对某高层酒店建筑给水和消火栓系统设计的体会与思考

生活给水系统设计时,将室内外给水管网分成两套,结合实际情况从安全、经济以及维护管理等因素考虑,在地下室布置成立体双环状给水系统;生活热水采用一台容积式浮动盘管热交换器换热供给热水;从理论上论证了组合型消防栓箱在本工程中的适用性和优越性,提出可将灭火器和消火栓位置设于一处的观点供大家在设计上参考。     

水平管道内铝粉爆炸特性的试验研究

为研究铝粉在密闭空间内爆炸特性,降低其爆炸造成的损害,利用自行设计的水平管道式可燃气体-粉尘爆炸装置,在室温下对粒度为6～8μm,9～12μm,15～17μm的铝粉在100～800 g/m3浓度范围内的爆炸特性进行试验研究。结果表明:铝粉在浓度为600 g/m3时,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率最大,爆炸时间最小;铝粉浓度较低时,由于氧气充足,随着铝粉浓度增大,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率增大,爆炸时间减小;当铝粉浓度超过600 g/m3,受到氧气浓度限制,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率随浓度增大而减小,爆炸时间增大;相同浓度的铝粉,粒度越小,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率越大,爆炸时间越小。粒度越小的铝粉,爆炸的可能性和危险性越大。