大连市“十二五”机动车氮氧化物控制对策研究

以2010年大连市污染源普查数据为基础,对大连市机动车保有量和氮氧化物排放量进行核算,预测了"十二五"大连市机动车氮氧化物新增排放量,并从机动车淘汰、油品替代、加强管理、油改气四个方面进行机动车氮氧化物减排量核算,以期为大连市机动车氮氧化物减排工作提供控制对策。     

电驱动道路车辆 动力锂离子电池系统试验中的实验室安全和防护

由于电池组/系统的体积和质量远大于电池芯,试验的侧重和方法有所不同。实验室安全和防护方面也就显得复杂和厚重。基于实践和探索,本文介绍了关于电池组/系统试验的安全和防护。     

汽车排放标准与改进燃料品质降低排放污染

本文综述了美国、日本、欧洲经济委员会（ＥＣＥ）及中国的汽车（主要是汽油车）排放标准；汽车排放与燃料品质有直接关系，通过改进燃料品质如使用无铅汽油，含氧燃料和替代燃料以及降低汽油中芳烃及硫含量等都能改善汽车排放污染。     

基于故障物理的集成控制器电路板可靠性预计

目的实现商用电动汽车集成控制器的可靠性预计与提升,采用应力仿真与故障物理相结合的方法对其关键电路板进行可靠性预计。方法针对集成控制器的数字样机,开展热、振动仿真应力分析,采用故障模式机理及影响分析(FMMEA)方法,分析电路板可能存在的故障模式和故障机理,确定潜在故障模式的故障物理模型。将应力分析结果作为故障物理模型的输入,进行基于故障物理的可靠性预计,寻找设计薄弱环节,并提出改进措施。结果找到了电路板的8个高温器件和热集中区域,振动仿真分析表明,电路板顶端与中心振动强度较大,可能引起疲劳失效,需要给予关注。通过FMMEA分析,得到电路板的主要故障模式为焊点开裂,主要受温度循环影响,造成热疲劳失效。最后采用Coffin-Mason模型,计算得到电路板的平均故障间隔时间为15869 h,找出了电路板的可靠性设计的薄弱环节。结论该方法基于故障物理,相对传统基于手册的可靠性预计方法精度更高,同时能够在产品研制阶段与性能设计并行,通过分析和改进产品设计,达到正向可靠性设计的目的,为新能源汽车领域电子产品的可靠性预计提供新的思路。     

浅析机动车综合整治对南昌市环境质量的影响

通过对南昌市实施机动车综合整治--禁鸣喇叭、安装尾气净化装置前后环境质量，分析了机动车综合整治对南昌市环境质量的影响，并提出相应的对策和建议。     

凝冰路面弯道路段停车视距计算方法

考虑到我国公路路线设计规范中停车视距计算未涉及弯道参数及路面凝冰引起的路面摩阻系数降低等严重危害车辆行驶安全的因素,以AASHTO模型为基础,通过分析弯道路段车辆行驶时的受力、路面摩阻系数、超高、圆曲线半径等因素推导了凝冰路面弯道路段停车视距计算模型,得出了最不利情况下凝冰路面弯道路段停车视距参考值。当路面发生凝冰现象时,若车辆以交通安全法规规定的冰雪路面最高车速30 km/h行驶,通过对比该行驶速度下凝冰路面弯道路段停车视距与我国规范规定的停车视距可知,没有发挥道路的最大通行能力。以现有道路设计采用的停车视距反算出在役路面发生凝冰现象时的安全行车控制速度,为凝冰路面弯道路段车辆安全行驶控制提供参考。     

Effects of off-road vehicles on coastal foredunes at Fire Island,New York,USA

The effects of off-road vehicles (ORVs) on the dune system of Fire Island National Seashore, New York, USA, were examined through a detailed, two-year field study. The experimental approach was adopted in order to evaluate the environmental effects of ORVs in this zone. Adjacent control and impact sites were established in two locations. Vehicle impacts were applied at the equivalent rate of one vehicle pass per week. Monitoring of foredune vegetation through sequential quadrat surveys and construction of sea-ward limit maps showed a significant loss of vegetation resulting from ORV impacting. Loss of vegetation resulted in an alteration of the natural foredune profile, which could increase dune erosion during storm wave attack.     

Allowable use estimates for tracked vehicular training on Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site,Colorado, USA

A method is presented for calculating allowable use of tracked vehicles on the US Army's Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site in southeastern Colorado. The first step in this process is to determine the sheet and rill erosion rate on each soil series using the revised Universal Soil Loss Equation. Soil series are then ranked according to their trainability (e g., ranked based on how much vegetative cover can be lost without exceeding soil loss tolerance) Maximum onetime surface use, allowable surface use per year, usable hectares per year, and tracked vehicle days per year can then be calculated Examples are given to illustrate how these values can be manipulated to assist land managers and military trainers to better plan and match training missions to available land. Also, short- and long-term monitoring schemes are presented that can be used to verify or adjust estimates of allowable use. The methods presented can be converted to determine allowable use of other types of activities that disturb the vegetation and expose the soil surface to the erosive forces of wind and water (e g, recreational and off-road vehicles).     

Use of off-road vehicles and mitigation of effects in Alaska permafrost environments: A review

Use of off-road vehicles (ORVs) in permafrost-affected terrain of Alaska has increased sharply over the past two decades. Until the early 1960s, most ORV use was by industry or government, which employed heavy vehicles such as industrial tractors and tracked carriers. Smaller, commercial ORVs became available in the 1960s, with the variety and number in use rapidly increasing. Wheeled and tracked ORVs, many used exclusively for recreation or subsistence harvesting by individuals, are now ubiquitous in Alaska. This increased use has led to concern over the cumulative effects of such vehicles on vegetation, soils, and environmental variables including off-site values. Factors affecting impact and subsequent restoration include specific environmental setting; vegetation; presence and ice content of permafrost; microtopography; vehicle design, weight, and ground pressure; traffic frequency; season of traffic; and individual operator practices. Approaches for mitigating adverse effects of ORVs include regulation and zoning, terrain analysis and sensitivity mapping, route selection, surface protection, and operator training. We regret the untimely death of Gunars Abele on August 27, 1989; he was a valued colleague and good friend.     

Plant Community Structure in Relation to Long-Term Disturbance by Mechanized Military Maneuvers in a Semiarid Region

/ Mechanized military maneuvers are an intensive form of disturbance to plant communities in large areas throughout the world. Tracking by heavy vehicles can cause direct mortality and indirectly affect plant communities through soil compaction and by altering competitive relationships. We assessed the long-term condition of structural attributes of open woodland, grassland, and shrubland communities at Fort Carson, Colorado, in relation to levels of disturbance and soil texture. Covariate analyses were used to help separate the directional forcings by the chronic disturbance from the regenerative capacities in order to assess the relative resistance and resilience of the communities and to determine whether the continual disturbance-recovery processes balanced under current levels of utilization. All three communities responded differently to disturbance. In open woodlands, altered understory/overstory relationships were suggested by increased grass, forb, shrub, and total vegetation cover and smaller decreases in shorter than taller woody species with increasing levels of disturbance. Grassland communities generally displayed greater responses to disturbance than other communities, but temporal dynamics were often similar, indicating relatively less resistance but greater resilience of this community. Weed and exotic species increased both temporally and in relation to levels of disturbance in all three community types. Temporal trends in community-level indices of dissimilarity and diversity also indicate that rates of disturbance were greater than rates of recovery. Few variables were related to within-community differences in soil texture. While total aerial cover was temporally stable, changes in species composition and in basal cover in grasslands and shrublands suggest increasing erosion potential.