Objectives: The ability to determine risk management controls for quad bike use is confounded by limitations in crash and injury information. The aim of this article is to identify the injury mechanisms, crash characteristics, and contributing factors in fatal quad bike incidents in Australia by activity (recreation and work).
Methods: An in-depth case series study was undertaken of 106 Australian quad bike fatalities that had occurred between 2000 and 2013. All case material held by Australian coroners was obtained and reviewed.
Results: One hundred and six cases were categorized as occurring during recreation (53) and work (53). Fifty-two of the work cases occurred during farmwork. The mean age for those killed during a work activity was 56 years compared to 27 years for recreational riders. Two children under 16 years died while performing farmwork and 13 children under 16 years during recreational activities. The analyses show a very clear pattern for farmwork-related deaths: quad bike rolls or pitches over (farmworker, 85%; recreational rider, 55%), rider becomes pinned under quad bike (farmworker, 68%; recreational rider, 30%), and death by asphyxia (farmworker, 42%; recreational rider, 11%). In contrast, recreational riders suffered complex impact injuries to the head and chest that occurred when the rider was traveling at speed, lost control, was ejected, and collided with an object in the environment and/or interacted with the moving quad bike.
Conclusions: The analyses support the need to improve safe quad bike operation through consideration of the age of the rider, training, helmet use, reducing the propensity of quad bikes to roll, and improving handling so that loss of control events are reduced and to prevent crushing and pinning by the vehicle during and after a rollover crash. 相似文献
Background: Motor-vehicles crashes are a leading cause of death among children. Age- and size-appropriate restraint use can prevent crash injuries and deaths among children. Strategies to increase child restraint use should be informed by reliable estimates of restraint use practices. Objective: Compare parent/caregiver-reported and observed child restraint use estimates from the FallStyles and Estilos surveys with the National Survey of the Use of Booster Seats (NSUBS). Methods: Estimates of child restraint use from two online, cross-sectional surveys—FallStyles, a survey of U.S. adults, and Estilos, a survey of U.S. Hispanic adults—were compared with observed data collected in NSUBS. Parents/caregivers of children aged ≤ 12 years were asked about the child’s restraint use behaviors in FallStyles and Estilos, while restraint use was observed in NSUBS. Age-appropriate restraint use was defined as rear-facing child safety seat (CSS) use for children aged 0–4 years, forward-facing CSS use for children aged 2–7 years, booster seat use for children aged 5–12 years, and seat belt use for children aged 9–12 years. Age-appropriate restraint users are described by demographic characteristics and seat row, with weighted prevalence and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated. Results: Overall, child restraint use as reported by parents/caregivers was 90.8% (CI: 87.5–94.1) (FallStyles) and 89.4% (CI: 85.5–93.4) for observed use (NSUBS). Among Hispanic children, reported restraint use was 82.6% (CI: 73.9–91.3) (Estilos) and 84.4% (CI: 79.0–88.6) for observed use (NSUBS, Hispanic children only). For age-appropriate restraint use, estimates ranged from 74.3% (CI: 69.7–79.0) (FallStyles) to 59.7% (CI: 55.0–64.4) (NSUBS), and for Hispanic children, from 71.5% (CI: 62.1–81.0) (Estilos) to 57.2% (CI: 51.2–63.2) (NSUBS, Hispanic children only). Conclusion and Practical Application: Overall estimates of parent/caregiver-reported and observed child restraint use were similar. However, for age-appropriate restraint use, reported use was higher than observed use for most age groups. 相似文献