Work domain analysis for air traffic controller weather displays

INTRODUCTION: Adverse weather conditions have a major impact on National Airspace System (NAS) operations. They create safety hazards for pilots, constrain the usable airspace for air traffic control (ATC), and reduce the overall capacity of the NAS. A system-wide dissemination of weather information to controllers could theoretically improve safety and efficiency. PROBLEM: However, it is currently unclear what weather information would be beneficial for tactical operations. Furthermore, no previous research has empirically evaluated optimal presentation designs for ATC weather displays. Ill-designed weather displays can cause safety hazards by presenting redundant information (i.e., by increasing the cognitive load) and display clutter (e.g., by interfering with the visual extraction of traffic data). METHOD: In the present paper, we outline our use of cognitive work analysis (CWA) techniques for the assessment of weather information needs for terminal controllers. RESULTS: Specifically, we describe how the CWA modeling tools helped us reveal instances in the terminal domain where weather information is lacking or insufficiently disseminated. We used our CWA results to drive the development of weather display concepts and to set up a high-fidelity simulation capability. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: By means of high-fidelity simulations, we can empirically evaluate controller weather information needs in order to propose weather displays for increased aircraft safety and efficiency of terminal operations.     

A comparison of general aviation accidents involving airline pilots and instrument-rated private pilots

Introduction: The extremely low accident rate for U.S air carriers relative to that of general aviation (∼1 and ∼60/million flight hours respectively) partly reflects advanced airman certification, more demanding recurrency training and stringent operational regulations. However, whether such skillset/training/regulations translate into improved safety for airline pilots operating in the general aviation environment is unknown and the aim of this study. Methods: Accidents (1998–2017) involving airline pilots and instrument-rated private pilots (PPL-IFR) operating non-revenue light aircraft were identified from the NTSB accident database. An online survey informed general aviation flight exposure for both pilot cohorts. Statistics used proportion testing and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: In degraded visibility, 0 and 40% (χ² p = 0.043) of fatal accidents involving airline and PPL-IFR airmen were due to in-flight loss-of-control, respectively. For landing accidents, airline pilots were under-represented for mishaps related to airspeed mismanagement (p = 0.036) relative to PPL-IFR but showed a dis-proportionate count (2X) of ground loss-of-directional control accidents (p = 0.009) the latter likely reflecting a preference for tail-wheel aircraft. The proportion of FAA rule violation-related mishaps by airline pilots was >2X (7 vs. 3%) that for PPL-IFR airmen. Moreover, airline pilots showed a disproportionate (χ² p = 0.021) count of flights below legal minimum altitudes. Not performing an official preflight weather briefing or intentionally operating in instrument conditions without an IFR flight plan represented 43% of airline pilot accidents involving FAA rule infractions. Conclusions: These findings inform safety deficiencies for: (a) airline pilots, landing/ground operations in tail-wheel aircraft and lack of 14CFR 91 familiarization regulations regarding minimum operating altitudes and (b) PPL-IFR airmen in-flight loss-of-control and poor landing speed management. Practical Applications: For PPL-IFR airmen, training/recurrency should focus on unusual attitude recovery and managing approach speeds. Airline pilots should seek additional instructional time regarding landing tail-wheel aircraft and become familiar with 14CFR 91 rules covering minimum altitudes.     

广州白云国际机场航空垃圾焚烧处理方案探讨

垃圾焚烧技术可以实现垃圾的无害化、资源化以及减量化的目的,因其有明显的环境、社会和经济效益而受到广泛关注。简述了广州白云国际机场航空垃圾的成分及排放量,并结合航空垃圾焚烧处理经验,对焚烧技术在航空垃圾处理处置措施中应用的可行性进行简要分析。     

航天发射场偏二甲肼废气处理技术的现状和发展趋势

主要对国内外航天发射场偏二甲肼废气处理技术的现状和采用的处理方法进行了评述，并提出了今后的发展趋势．     

低压环境对N2和O2在航空煤油中溶解度的影响

主要研究低压环境下,压力、温度对氮气和氧气分别在航空煤油中溶解度的影响。实验装置包括除气装置、吸气平衡装置以及称重装置。由实验结果可知：压力在0MPa～0.1MPa,温度为293.15K,303.15K,313.15K时,氮气和氧气分别在航空煤油中的溶解度与压力呈线性关系、与温度呈非线性关系;氮气在航空煤油中的溶解度受压力的影响比氧气的小,受温度的影响比氧气的大;氧气在航空煤油中的溶解度比氮气的大。     

航空煤油精制工艺的产污对比及防治措施

对国内外常用的两种航空煤油（简称航煤） 精制工艺——加氢工艺和非加氢工艺进行了介绍,结合各自的工艺流程对“三废”排放情况进行了分析,并提出了相应的污染防治措施。分析结果表明：与加氢工艺相比,非加氢工艺相对简单,对反应的控制要求较低;两种工艺排放的废气和废水基本相同,包括酸性水、含油废水和酸性气等;非加氢工艺产生的废渣量远大于加氢工艺,除包括加氢工艺产生的废催化剂和废瓷球外,还包括废白土、废岩盐和废脱酸吸附剂等;航煤精制工艺的有组织排放污染物可通过酸性水汽提装置和硫磺回收装置进行处理,废渣由原生产厂家回收或按性质分类送往符合资质的相应渣场处理。     

溢油事故监测中的遥感技术

溢油事故日益频繁,对溢油的监测尤为重要,文章介绍了溢油事故监测中遥感技术的运用进展,包括了航空遥感、卫星遥感以及两者在溢油事故中的联合运用。     

炼油厂碱渣废水络合萃取法脱酚实验研究

实验选用磷酸三丁酯(TBP)-煤油溶液为萃取剂络合萃取碱渣废水中的酚,研究了不同萃取剂浓度、pH值、温度及萃取比条件下体系的萃取性能;采取NaOH溶液对萃取剂进行反萃再生,研究了碱液浓度、温度及反萃取比对萃取剂再生效果的影响;确定了萃取与反萃取的最佳操作条件。实验结果表明,TBP-煤油溶液可以有效脱除碱渣废水中的高浓度酚,是一种良好的工业萃取脱酚剂。     

航空煤油输送管道泄漏的环境风险及控制分析研究

航空煤油是石油产品之一,主要用作喷气式发动机燃料,国内航空煤油多为军用或民用飞机使用,经地下埋管输送至机场,基于历史原因,较多城市的航空煤油输送管道从城区穿过,随着城市的发展扩建,输送管线可能存在环境及安全方面的隐患,易受到违章挖掘、违章占压、偷盗油、管线腐蚀的威胁,可能造成航空煤油泄露,引起火灾、爆炸、污染环境、人员伤亡等严重事故,存在较大的环境风险,需要采取相应的风险防范措施,设立事故应急预案。通过采取防范措施及事故下的应急处理,可以在最大程度上减缓环境污染的风险。     

Why did the pilots shut down the wrong engine? Explaining errors in context using Schema Theory and the Perceptual Cycle Model

Although human error remains a dominant issue in aviation research, methods that predict human error have been criticised for not providing adequate causal explanations, rather they have focused on classification. The concept of Schemata has prevailed in the literature and has been shown to describe the contextual causes of human error. The purpose of this paper is to review the recent error literature and demonstrate that Schema Theory (as incorporated in the Perceptual Cycle framework) offers a compelling causal account of human error. Schema Theory offers a system perspective with a focus on human activity in context to explain why apparently erroneous actions occurred, even though they may have appeared to be appropriate at the time. This is exemplified in a case study of the pilots’ actions preceding the 1989 Kegworth accident. Schema Theory is presented as a promising avenue for further exploration into the context of human error in aviation.