Analysis of emission characteristics of gas turbine engines with some alternative fuels

The paper concerns the comparative analysis of combustion characteristics of different alternative fuels such as Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK), cryogenic methane, bioethanol, biomethanol, biobutanol, dimethyl ether, biodiesel and conventional aviation kerosene Jet-A as well as analysis of emissions of NO_x, CO, CO₂, H₂O, HNO_y (y = 2,3) and organics for gas turbine engine operating on these fuels. The analysis has shown that the usage of all considered alternative fuels results in the increase of H₂O emission, compared to kerosene-fueled combustor, and, as consequence, in the growth of water vapor supersaturation that can increase the rate of the H₂O vapor condensation and enhance the formation of contrails and cirrus clouds in the atmosphere. The usage of all considered alternative fuels except FT-SPK, cryogenic methane and dimethyl can increase the CO₂ emission compared to using of kerosene. Emission of N-containing species can be reduced upon the usage of considered alternative fuels, except dimethyl ether, for which one can expect the increase in the emissions of HNO₂ and HNO₃ approximately by 10%. The emission of CO decreases for all fuels except biodiesel. The major decrease can be achieved upon the replacement of kerosene to bioethanol.     

Development and initial validation of an Aviation Safety Climate Scale

PROBLEM: A need was identified for a consistent set of safety climate factors to provide a basis for aviation industry benchmarking. METHOD: Six broad safety climate themes were identified from the literature and consultations with industry safety experts. Items representing each of the themes were prepared and administered to 940 Australian commercial pilots. RESULTS: Data from half of the sample (N=468) were used in an exploratory factor analysis that produced a 3-factor model of Management commitment and communication, Safety training and equipment, and Maintenance. A confirmatory factor analysis on the remaining half of the sample showed the 3-factor model to be an adequate fit to the data. DISCUSSION: The results of this study have produced a scale of safety climate for aviation that is both reliable and valid. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This study developed a tool to assess the level of perceived safety climate, specifically of pilots, but may also, with minor modifications, be used to assess other groups' perceptions of safety climate.     

煤油—海水微乳（状液）形成的相图研究

体系由水或人工海水／煤油／表面活性剂（ＡＳ，ＣＴＡＢ，ＢＪＩＪ３５）／助表面活性剂（正丁醇）构成。研究４０℃时各表面活性剂，油及醇含量和海水盐度对微乳形成的影响。结果表明：３种表面活性剂中ＣＴＡＢ最易于形成微乳，在含煤油量≤５０％时皆与纯水或海水形成Ｏ／Ｗ，Ｗ／Ｏ和双连续结构的３种形式微乳区；对于ＡＳ，这种微乳连续区仅在含煤油≤２５％时出现，而对于ＢＲＩＪ３５，只在含煤油１０％时才出现。随含油量增     

空间碎片防护结构优化设计理论模型

分析了空间碎片环境，提出了航天器对空间碎片的防护方案。对这种防护结构提出了优化设计模型     

Are pilots at risk of accidents due to fatigue?

PROBLEM: There is concern in the aviation community that pilot schedules can lead to fatigue and increased chance of an aviation accident. Yet despite this concern, there is little empirical analysis showing the relationship between pilot schedules and commercial aviation accidents. This study attempts to demonstrate an empirical relationship between pilot schedules and aviation accidents. METHOD: Data for human factors-related accidents and pilot work patterns were identified. The distribution of pilot work schedule parameters for the accidents was compared to that for all pilots using a chi-square test to determine if the proportions of accidents and length of duty exposure were the same. If the distributions are the same, then one could infer that pilot human factor accidents are not affected by work schedule parameters. RESULTS: The proportion of accidents associated with pilots having longer duty periods is higher than the proportion of longer duty periods for all pilots. DISCUSSION: There is a discernible pattern of increased probability of an accident as duty time increases for commercial aircraft pilots in the United States. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The analysis suggests that establishing limits on duty time for commercial pilots would reduce risk. Such a rule is likely to be expensive and could substantially impact the commercial airlines. In return, there is likely to be a reduction in the risk of commercial aviation accidents due to pilot fatigue.     

利用遥感技术对固废堆放现状的评价研究

本文是“沈阳市航空遥感固体废物及其环境调查研究”获奖课题中的研究内容之一,它以沈阳市固废遥感信息资料为基础,对固废堆放现状评价进行了探讨性研究,建立了遥感信息评价方法.文中就沈阳市固废堆放形式、种类性质、占地情况、自然环境状况和社会环境状况5个方面、13个因子的综合评价进行了论述.并在评价方法的确定,评价因子的选择,各因子的排序、分析、以及评价结果与实际情况的相关性等方面做了较为详细的介绍.该方法充分利用了遥感信息广而全的特点,从而拓宽了固废的评价范围,为固废的评价工作的广泛开展探索了一条较为优越的途径.     

细水雾灭火过程中雾卷吸影响因素的研究

细水雾与火焰相互作用中雾滴主要是通过动量和雾卷吸进入火焰区,以达到抑制或扑灭火焰的效果.对细水雾与煤油火相互作用时雾卷吸现象及其影响因素进行了研究,初步确定了雾卷吸量的计算方法,对各种影响卷吸效果的因素做了研究,并进行了大量的灭火实验.实验结果表明:细水雾的卷吸效果随着雾通量增加而增加,随着雾滴粒径增加而减小.