新型农村社会养老保险收入再分配效应研究

通过政策分析发现,新农保制度的收入再分配效应主要体现在政府补贴方面,在本质上是财政的再分配,其中个人账户部分体现为代内再分配,基础养老金部分体现为代际再分配。新农保制度几乎对所有制度内人群都具有正的收入再分配效应。以净转移额来度量新农保收入再分配效应的程度,通过建立模型进行测算发现:在现行财政补贴政策下,新农保的收入再分配偏向于选择较高档次缴费的人群、缴费困难群体、寿命长的人群、女性农民、长期缴费的人群以及农村计划生育家庭;政府缴费补贴越多,个人账户投资收益率越高,基础养老金调整系数越大,参保人养老金的净转入额就越多;"捆绑式缴费"政策产生了逆向的收入再分配效应。     

农田温室气体净排放研究进展

农业是温室气体排放的主要排放源之一,农业温室气体减排对全球温室气体排放具有重要贡献,研究农田温室气体净排放潜力亦具有重要现实意义.本文阐述了农田温室气体净排放的涵义,并归纳总结了耕作方式、施肥、水分管理、间套作等农业措施对农田土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、农田土壤N2O和CH4、农田生产物资的使用所造成的温室气体(主要为CO2、N2O和CH4)排放的影响,结果表明:保护性耕作总体能提高表层SOC含量,减少CH4排放,但减少农田土壤N2O排放的研究尚存在一定的争议,耕作方式亦影响投入,从而影响温室气体的排放;施肥(特别是配施)能提高SOC含量.施氮肥越多,N2O排放量越大,而CH4主要受有机物料的影响较大;水分对减少N2O和CH4排放有相反作用,需综合进行平衡管理;不同的作物品种、间套作模式或促进或减少温室气体排放.此外,本文指出了国外在该领域的研究注重从系统角度考虑农田温室气体排放,而国内的研究则非常少,提出我国农田温室气体净排放可作为未来研究的一个重点,并对未来研究内容进行了初步归纳总结.     

Sustainable energy generation using hybrid energy system for remote hilly rural area in India

Hybrid energy systems are renewable energy system combined in a complementary fashion to ensure dependable power supply at competitive cost. Diesel generators (DGs) are also added here as a back-up source of supply. For remote areas far from a transmission grid, these systems can provide a reliable and cost-effective supply. Addition of DG could instigate environmental pollution in such remote unpolluted areas. In the present work, optimal sizing of hybrid energy system has been attempted for a remote village cluster of Uttarakhand (India) to make available desired power supply at minimum environmental effluence. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electrical Renewable (HOMER) software from National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA has been employed to attain the objective. The software offered several feasible systems, ranked on the basis of net present cost (NPC). All such systems are further analysed for emissions they have made in the environment. Hence, the optimal system fulfilling the criteria of minimal environmental degradation with sufficiently minimum NPC has been searched for. In the present work, the most appropriate system offered on the basis of NPC is the one which has five wind turbines (10 kW each), one DG (65 kW) and 25 batteries (6 V, 6.94 kW h each). The NPC of the system is $1,252,018, whereas its initial capital cost and levelised cost of energy (COE) are $94,233 and $0.292/kW h, respectively. After further analysis of all the feasible systems on the basis of environmental effluence, the most feasible system explored is the one which has minimal emissions of various pollutants such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, particulate matter, sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide. The system has been obtained on a compromised NPC of $1,270,921 with a capital cost of $148,133 and COE of $0.296/kW h. Components of the system include five wind turbines (10 kW), a 9 kW PV panel and a 65 kW DG along with 30 batteries (6 V, 6.94 kW h each). The system so obtained would prove to be a feasible, optimally sized and sustainable power supply alternative for remote unelectrified hilly rural area.     

浅析成本与市价孰低法

本文简要阐述了成本与市价孰低法,通过对该种方法的优缺点的讨论和评价,提出了在我国暂不推行该种计价方法,为以后能与国际惯列保持一致,并提出了相应的简便易行的对策。     

基于贝叶斯网络的突发事件影响度研究

不确定性的知识表示和推理是突发事件影响度评估中需要解决的重要问题。针对突发事件评估信息的多样性、不确定性及模糊性,利用贝叶斯网络易于进行不确定性推理的优点,提出了采用贝叶斯网络对突发事件影响度进行评价,建立了评价模型,给出了推理决策方法,并且对该方法进行了算例分析。算例表明,基于贝叶斯网络的突发事件影响度评价模型能够提高评估的准确度及对突发事件的响应能力。     

模拟气候变化对沈阳城市树木光合固碳能力的影响

以生长在沈阳市区内的银杏为试材,使用开顶箱模拟法对倍增CO2浓度（700μmol/mo）l和正常空气CO2浓度（≈350μmol/mo）l条件下,银杏生长参数、叶面积指数、不同天气中净光合速率日变化进行了初步研究,探讨了高浓度CO2对单株银杏光合固碳能力的影响。结果表明：CO2浓度增高可以显著提高银杏枝条的生长量和银杏的叶面积指数。经高浓度CO2处理后,银杏不同天气下光合速率日变化趋势与对照一致,即晴天为双峰曲线,多云天气为单峰曲线,但净光合速率显著高于对照（P〈0.001）。由于净光合速率和叶面积指数升高,高浓度CO2也显著提高了单株银杏的固碳释氧能力（P〈0.01）,晴天比对照提高了119.5%,阴天提高了175.4%。     

三维植被网喷播植草技术在高速公路边坡上的应用

三维网喷播植草是一种能在纯石质边坡上进行绿化的新工艺。文章介绍了该技术的施工工艺和质量检验标准，并在广惠高速公路边坡进行应用试验。试验结果表明，该技术绿化防护效果较好，适应当地气候条件。