南方丘陵地区竹林河岸系统的氮矿化、反硝化作用研究

采用原位培养法和乙炔抑制-静态土柱培养法,对南方丘陵地区竹林河岸系统的矿化、反硝化作用进行了研究.结果表明,研究区土壤氮矿化速率为-0.28～0.30mg·kg^1·d^-1（以N计,下同）,且与土壤含水量存在显著正相关（p〈0.05）.在系统中,与入口区与中部区的土壤氮矿化作用平均强度相比,毗邻河道的河岸区更为强烈....     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

石河子-昌吉地区地下水水质时空变化及污染源解析

为了探明新疆石河子-昌吉地区地下水水质时空变化并解析污染源,综合运用基于香农熵的贝叶斯水质评价模型、 Spearman秩相关系数、主成分分析和绝对主成分得分-多元线性回归受体模型(APCS-MLR)等方法,对23眼原位井2016～2021年逐年地下水水质数据进行分析.结果表明：(1)研究区多年地下水水质状况总体较好,潜水水质类别以Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类为主,承压水主要为Ⅰ类.(2)从时间看,2016年和2017年分别为潜水和承压水水质变化的关键时间节点,Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类水仅出现在节点之前,之后在Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水范围内波动.(3)从空间看,潜水水质优劣排序为：石河子市≈呼图壁县>玛纳斯县>昌吉市;承压水为：石河子市≈昌吉市>呼图壁县>玛纳斯县.(4)研究区多年地下水水质类别和主要水质指标在时空变化上基本对应,且异质性较强.(5)潜水水质主要受到溶滤作用(67.30%)、溶滤-迁移作用(10.89%)和农业-生活污染(9.44%)的影响,溶滤-富集作用(52.08%)、农业-生活污染(16.06%)和碱性环境的离子交换作用(12.64%)对承压水水质影响较大.尽管研究区多年水质状况整体呈改...     

我国南方不同类型草地生产力及对气候变化的响应

为进一步明晰南方不同类型草地的碳源汇关系,预测未来气候情景下可能的碳循环特征,利用本地参数化的BIOME-BGC模型对2001~2010年低山丘陵草原化草甸、典型草山草坡和典型山地草甸样地净初级生产力(NPP)与净生态系统生产力(NEP)进行了模拟估算。不同类型草地的NPP和NEP 10年间变化趋势不同,低山丘陵草原化草甸、典型草山草坡和典型山地草甸的NPP平均值分别为357.17、232.4和191.96gC/(m2·a);NEP的平均值分别为3.25、21.28和81.96gC/(m2·a)。3种类型草地NPP与温度之间存在显著的正相关关系,NEP与温度之间存在着显著的负相关关系;本模型模拟的NPP和NEP与年平均降水量之间相关性不明显。未来气候情景C1P-1T1下(CO2浓度倍增,年均温增加2℃,降水减少10%),低山丘陵草原化草甸样地NPP增加26.93%,NEP增加160%;典型草山草坡样地NPP增加62.20%,NEP增加153%;典型山地草甸样地NPP增加135%,NEP增加206%。3种南方草地类型在未来气候情景下都将有一定的碳汇增长潜力,其中以典型山地草甸的碳汇潜力最为明显,与降水量相比受温度变化的影响相对较大。     

1981-2015年神农架林区森林生态系统净初级生产力估算

湖北省神农架林区是全国唯一以林区命名的行政单位,拥有全球中纬度地区唯一一块保存完好的原始森林,量化其森林生态系统NPP（net primary productivity,净初级生产力）对县域生态系统评估工作十分重要.基于CEVSA2（carbon exchange between vegetation,soil and atmosphere 2）模型模拟1981-2015年神农架林区森林生态系统NPP,并利用中国生态系统研究网络神农架站观测数据和野外调查数据进行验证,进而分析其NPP时空变化特征及其主要环境影响因子.结果表明:①1981-2015年神农架林区森林生态系统年均NPP为628.27 g/m2（以C计）,空间分布表现为中部较低、东部以及周边较高,具有明显的空间异质性.②1981-2015年神农架林区年均NPP的增长速率为2.58 g/（m2·a）（R2=0.65,P < 0.001）;运用Mann-Kendall突变检验法发现,1998年前后是NPP增长速率变化的突变点,虽然1998年前后两个时段NPP均呈上升趋势,但1999-2015年NPP增长率较1981-1998年下降了7.01%;从空间上来看,林区中部和北部NPP增长率[4~6 g/（m2·a）]相对较高,南部和东部部分地区NPP呈下降趋势,其变化速率在-3~0 g/（m2·a）之间.③神农架林区NPP年际变化与年均温、总辐射年际变化均呈正相关,与年降水量年际变化呈负相关,其中年均温年际变化对NPP年际变化的解释率最高,为43%（P < 0.01）;在空间尺度上,林区森林生态系统约67.83%区域的NPP年际变化由年均温年际变化控制,主要分布在林区中部和东南部,可见年均温是该地区森林生态系统NPP的主要影响因素.      

A Hierarchical Model for Estimating Long‐Term Trend of Atrazine Concentration in the Surface Water of the Contiguous U.S.

Atrazine is a herbicide frequently detected in both surface and groundwater in the United States (U.S.), but its spatiotemporal distribution and concentration trends have only been analyzed recently at regional or local scales. We employed a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach to assess spatial and seasonal variation in atrazine concentration trends between 1990 and 2010 for the contiguous U.S. A Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation algorithm was used to address the problem of left‐censored data (i.e., atrazine concentration values below method reporting levels). We observed opposing temporal trends in the northern (flat or decreasing) and southern (increasing) regions of the U.S. This spatial variation in temporal trends can be partially explained by the relative amount of cropland in the region. Flat or decreasing trends in the north are more likely in regions with high cropland coverage while positive trends in the south are more likely in regions with low cropland coverage.     

A dynamic simulation model to support reduction in illegal trade within legal wildlife markets

Sustainable wildlife trade is critical for biodiversity conservation, livelihoods, and food security. Regulatory frameworks are needed to secure these diverse benefits of sustainable wildlife trade. However, regulations limiting trade can backfire, sparking illegal trade if demand is not met by legal trade alone. Assessing how regulations affect wildlife market participants’ incentives is key to controlling illegal trade. Although much research has assessed how incentives at both the harvester and consumer ends of markets are affected by regulations, little has been done to understand the incentives of traders (i.e., intermediaries). We built a dynamic simulation model to support reduction in illegal wildlife trade within legal markets by focusing on incentives traders face to trade legal or illegal products. We used an Approximate Bayesian Computation approach to infer illegal trading dynamics and parameters that might be unknown (e.g., price of illegal products). We showcased the utility of the approach with a small-scale fishery case study in Chile, where we disentangled within-year dynamics of legal and illegal trading and found that the majority (∼77%) of traded fish is illegal. We utilized the model to assess the effect of policy interventions to improve the fishery's sustainability and explore the trade-offs between ecological, economic, and social goals. Scenario simulations showed that even significant increases (over 200%) in parameters proxying for policy interventions enabled only moderate improvements in ecological and social sustainability of the fishery at substantial economic cost. These results expose how unbalanced trader incentives are toward trading illegal over legal products in this fishery. Our model provides a novel tool for promoting sustainable wildlife trade in data-limited settings, which explicitly considers traders as critical players in wildlife markets. Sustainable wildlife trade requires incentivizing legal over illegal wildlife trade and consideration of the social, ecological, and economic impacts of interventions.     

变电站操作不安全行为核心影响因素分析*

为分析变电站中操作不安全行为的核心影响因素,基于国家电网某省变电站员工安全心理自评数据,运用心理学模型确定9种主要心理维度,融合Bayesian Search和Peter Clark(PC)算法,并使用专家知识修正以训练贝叶斯网络模型结构,应用Expectation Maximization(EM)算法训练模型参数,并运用Mutual Information(MI)和预测推理2种方法分析核心影响因素。研究结果表明:训练模型的预测错误率为14.8%,AUC为0.945 8,变电站操作不安全行为的核心影响因素为情绪稳定性和心理承受力。     

水电厂电力设备事故应急响应FPN-MC模型及效能分析

为更好地利用信息技术研究水电厂电力设备事故应急效能,提高应急救援效率和应急处置能力,综合考虑应急响应过程中各个环节时间的随机性与模糊性,运用模糊Petri网（FPN）和马尔科夫链（MC）理论,构建水电厂电力设备事故应急响应FPN-MC模型,求解模糊稳态概率值并分析系统效能指标。最后,以ZLB水电厂电力设备事故Ⅲ级应急响应作为实例,进一步剖析应急流程信息拥挤的瓶颈环节及事件应急处置的关键节点。结果表明:应急资源使用完毕、相关人员现场处置到位、确定完善的处置方案时的状态最为繁忙;利用资源实施救援、相关人员进行现场处置、完善处置方案等实施过程需要重点监督和管理。     

基于贝叶斯网络的气井井筒完整性风险评价

井筒完整性失效是气井生产中的主要风险,为有效评价井筒完整性风险,应用贝叶斯网络的推理与学习能力,建立了基于贝叶斯网络和Noisy-OR gate模型的井筒完整性失效概率计算方法和风险评价模型。由故障树分析将井筒分为管柱、水泥环密封性、井口装置、水力屏障和其他部件5个评价单元,确定了各单元的主要风险因素,建立了井筒完整性失效的贝叶斯网络拓扑结构;由Noisy-OR gate模型和历史数据,确定了贝叶斯网络的条件概率参数;将基于贝叶斯网络的失效概率与层次分析法相结合,确定了风险评价指标和等级划分标准;建立了气井井筒完整性风险评价方法。结果表明,该方法实现了井筒完整性失效概率的定量计算、风险的定量评价和主要风险因素的反向推理,可为预防和控制井筒完整性失效提供决策依据,有助于降低井筒完整性失效风险。