Environmental impact of diuron transformation: a review

Diuron is a biologically active pollutant present in soil, water and sediments. A synthesis of literature data on its physicochemical properties, partitioning behaviour, abiotic and biotic transformations, toxicological and ecotoxicological impacts has been here performed. Data have shown that diuron is generally persistent in soil, water and groundwater. It is also slightly toxic to mammals and birds as well as moderately toxic to aquatic invertebrates. However, its principal product of biodegradation, 3,4-dichloroaniline exhibits a higher toxicity and is also persistent in soil, water and groundwater. Thus, diuron indirectly possesses a significant amount of toxicity and could be a potential poisoning pesticide contaminant of groundwater. Unfortunately, groundwater contamination will still persist despite the progressive suppression of diuron (Directive 200/60/CE). Therefore, determining the main factors influencing its degradation and its ecotoxicological effects on the environment and health could provide a basis for further development of bioremediation processes.     

Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a municipal wastewater treatment plant: mass balance and removal processes

Occurrence and removal efficiencies of fifteen pharmaceuticals were investigated in a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant in Michigan. Concentrations of these pharmaceuticals were determined in both wastewater and sludge phases by a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer. Detailed mass balance analysis was conducted during the whole treatment process to evaluate the contributing processes for pharmaceutical removal. Among the pharmaceuticals studied, demeclocycline, sulfamerazine, erythromycin and tylosin were not detected in the wastewater treatment plant influent. Other target pharmaceuticals detected in wastewater were also found in the corresponding sludge phase. The removal efficiencies of chlortetracycline, tetracycline, sulfamerazine, acetaminophen and caffeine were >99%, while doxycycline, oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine and lincomycin exhibited relatively lower removal efficiencies (e.g., <50%). For sulfamethoxazole, the removal efficiency was approximately 90%. Carbamazepine manifested a net increase of mass, i.e. 41% more than the input from the influent. Based on the mass balance analysis, biotransformation is believed to be the predominant process responsible for the removal of pharmaceuticals (22% to 99%), whereas contribution of sorption to sludge was relatively insignificant (7%) for the investigated pharmaceuticals.     

Effects of activated carbon types and service life on removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals: amitrol, nonylphenol, and bisphenol-A

Removal performances of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) such as amitrol, nonylphenol, and bisphenol-A were evaluated in this study using granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption. This study found that GAC adsorption was effective in removal of EDCs with high K_ow value. Nonylphenol and bisphenol-A were effectively adsorbed onto all carbons (including the used carbons) tested in this study. As indicated by K_ow value, nonylphenol was more effectively adsorbed than bisphenol-A. The coal-based carbon was found more effective than other carbons in the adsorption of nonylphenol and bisphenol-A due to its larger pore volume. The adsorption capacity reduced with the operation year, and the extent of the reduction was different depending upon the carbon type and the operation year. Amitrol was effectively removed by biological degradation, but was poorly adsorbed. Since the microbes residing at the used carbons already accustomed to amitrol, the used carbons removed amitrol better than the virgin carbons. Although the coal-based carbon showed the best removal performance of amitrol, GAC adsorption could not be recommended for amitrol removal because considerable portion of incoming amitrol (9–87%) passed through GAC adsorption column. According to this study, pore volume mainly influenced the adsorption capacity, but the surface charge was also important due to electrical interaction. The adsorption parameters for nonylphenol and bisphenol-A provided by this study could be valuable when GAC adsorption was considered to handle an accidental spill of nonylphenol and bisphenol-A.     

菌种品系及VA对黄孢原毛平革菌降解两种染料的影响

黄孢原毛平革菌的不同品系与染料亚甲基蓝的比布列希猩红的浅层静培养表明，对于亚甲基蓝而言，ME-446降解能力最强，OGC101和BKM-F-1767相似；以比布列希猩红为底物，则OGC101最好，ME-446其次，最后为BKM-F-1767。虽然外源藜芦醇（VA）的补充在培养初期有利于染料脱色降解率的提高；但一周后，与不添加VA的样品比较，脱色降解率接近或相等。这说明菌的品系存在降解能力的差异，完整菌体自身合成的VA足以维持降解培养体系的正常运作。     

解氰真菌的分离鉴定及培养条件研究

从温州东方集团的电镀废水及污泥中分离得到真菌 ,并进行纯化 ,共得耐氰菌 19株。其中 7株均能在含CN-为 80 0 /mg·L-1的马丁氏培养基中生长 ,耐受力最强的 12 # 菌能在 2 0 0 0 /mg·L-1CN-浓度中生长 ,经鉴定 12 # 为黑青霉 (Peni cilliumnigricans) ,该菌能以CN-为唯一碳源 ,其最适生长温度为 2 5°C ,最佳pH为 5 .5 ,在最佳条件下 ,12 # 菌在 12h时可将含CN-45 /mg·L-1的废水降解至 0 .5 /mg·L-1以下 ,达到国家一级污水排放标准。     

短乳杆菌降解邻硝基苯酚的特性研究

从成都污水处理厂的活性污泥中 ,分离到一株能以邻硝基苯酚 ( o- Nitrophenol,OPN)为唯一碳、氮源生长的细菌。该菌株菌落呈乳白色 ,边缘光滑 ;光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察表明 ,菌体呈短杆状 ,无鞭毛 ,大小约 0 .5× 1.0 μm;革兰氏染色阳性 ;接触酶阴性 ,能利用棉子糖等多种糖类。根据菌体形态、生理生化特征将其鉴定为乳杆菌属的短乳杆菌( L actobacillusbrevis)。用详细研究过的硝基酚降解菌株 Rhodococcus erythropolis H L PM- 1作阳性对照的降解实验表明 ,L.brevis菌株对邻硝基酚有较高的利用率 ,在合适的温度和 p H 条件下 ,18h对邻硝基酚的降解率可达 86.7。用UV-可见光谱和质谱仪对 L.brevis菌株降解邻硝基酚的中间产物进行了分析 ,并对该菌株利用邻硝基酚的可能代谢过程进行了初步探讨     

Behavior of PAHs during cold storage of historically contaminated soil samples

The stability of historically polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils during cold storage was investigated. Samples from two former manufactured gas plants exhibited quantitative recoveries of PAHs over the whole period of sample holding at 4 °C in the dark (8–10 months), whereas significant losses of PAHs were observed for soils received from a former railroad sleeper preservation plant with low molecular weight compounds being notably more affected compared to heavier PAHs. Already after 2 weeks of holding time, 3-ring PAHs in one of theses samples were down to 29–73% of the initial concentration and significant losses were observed for up to 5-ring compounds. Dissipation of PAHs was found to be predominantly due to aerobic microbial metabolism since sodium azide poisoned samples showed quantitative recoveries for all PAHs over the entire storage time of 3 months. A similar stabilizing effect was observed for freezing at −20 °C as means of preservation. Except for acenaphthene, no significant loss for any of the PAHs was observed over 6 weeks of holding time. Eventually, selected chemical, physical, and biological parameters of two soils were investigated and identified as potential indicators for the stability of PAH-contaminated soil samples.     

Prediction of complete bioremediation periods for PAH soil pollutants in different physical states by mechanistic models

Mass-transfer models and biodegradation models were developed for three theoretical physical states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. These mechanistic models were used to calculate the treatment periods necessary for complete removal of the PAH pollutants from the soil under batch conditions. Results indicate that the bioremediation of PAHs in such systems is mainly mass-transfer limited. The potential for bioremediation as a treatment technique for PAH contaminated soils is therefore mainly determined by the mass-transfer dynamics of PAHs. Under mass-transfer limited conditions simplified mathematical models, based on the assumption of a zero dissolved PAH concentrations, can be used to predict the period of time needed for complete bioremediation.     

AB活性污泥法的生命周期能耗分析

运用LCA技术可从全过程的视角识别和比较不同城市污水处理工艺在其生命周期各个阶段的能耗,并在此基础上提出改善其能效的措施。运用LCA方法对AB活性污泥法处理系统从其原材料开采和加工开始直到污水厂施工建设、处理运行以及废弃拆除的LC全过程能耗进行了识别和量化分析,并与普通活性污泥法进行了平行对照。研究结果表明,AB法的LC能耗在微孔和穿孔管两种曝气条件下可双普通活性污泥法分别节省9.5％和15.8%,但由于污水中有机物大部分转化为污泥形态,其比能耗仅与普通活性污泥法相当。AB法处理系统污泥的稳定化处理已成为提高其能效的重要途径。     

Umweltrelevanz von Diphenylamin — Ein Stoff der 3. EU-Altstoffpriorit?tenliste

Zusammenfassung  Diphenylamin (DPA), das einfachste, rein aromatische sekund?re Amin, ist ein Stoff der dritten Altstoffpriorit?tenliste priorit?tenliste der Europ?ischen Union (EU). Es wurde der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zugewiesen, die von diesem Stoff ausgehenden Umweltrisiken zu erfassen und zu bewerten. DPA wird als Stabilisator in Nitrocellulose-haltigen Explosivstoffen und Treibladungspulvern eingeserzt, au?erdem als Stabilisator in der Parfümerie und als Antioxidationsmittel in der Gummi- und Elastomer-Industrie. DPA wird auch vielfach genutzt, um ?pfel und Birnen nach der Ernte vor vorzeitigem Altern bzw. Verfall zu bewahren. Ferner ist es Ausgangsverbindung zahlreicher Derivate, welche u.a. in der Produktion von Farben, Pharmazeutika und Fotografiechemikalien Anwendung finden. Anfang der 80er Jahre wurden weltweit sch?tzungsweise ca. 40.000 t DPA pro Jahr produziert (in Deutschland ca. 10% davon). Die Chemikalie wird noch heute weltweit von der chemischen Industrie hergestellt. Neuere Publikationen zeigen, da? DPA bereits im Boden und im Grundwasser (in ppb- bis ppm-Konzentrationen) nachgewiesen werden konnte. Einige ?kotoxikologische Ver?ffentlichungen demonstrierten die Gef?hrlichkeit verschiedener DPA-Derivate gegenüber der aquatischen Umwelt und auch gegenüber Bakterien und Tieren. Studien bezüglich der biologischen Abbaubarkeit von DPA und Derivaten sind sehr sp?rlich vorhanden. Aus diesem Grund sind weiterführende Forschungsarbeiten notwendig, um das volle Ausma\ der Umweltgef?hrdung für mit DPA und DPA-Derivaten kontaminierte Bereiche zu bestimmen, und um entsprechende (biologische) Sanierungsverfahren einzuleiten. Dieser übersichtsbeitrag fa\t die zug?ngliche Literatur zusammen, welche die Umweltrelevanz von DPA aufzeigt. Er kann m?glicherweise die deutschen Beh?rden bzw. Gutachter bei der Bewertung von Risiken dieses Altstoffes der EU-Priorit?tenliste unterstützen.