可燃材料火灾中的毒性评估方法

建筑火灾中致人死亡的因素除了热以外 ,更多的是因为烟气的毒性。为此 ,重点介绍了几种常用的烟气毒性的评估方法 ,并对这几种评估方法进行了比较。基于对这些评估方法的描述 ,阐明了烟气毒性研究未来的发展方向。     

中庭火灾烟流相似模型

将燃烧着的火焰视为具有一定发热量的热源、不计辐射传热的影响 ,建立中庭火灾烟气流动控制微分方程组 ,并导出模型实验相似准则 ;提出模型与原型局部相似的模型律 ;忽略围护结构热相似 ,建立 1/ 8模型试验台 ;开展中庭火灾烟流填充过程模型实验 ,模型实验与原型实验结果吻合。研究表明 :理论模型律是合理的 ,采用小比例的相似模型实验 ,研究中庭火灾烟流的发展是可行的     

Management of agricultural biomass wastes: Preliminary study on characterization and valorisation in clay matrix bricks

In this work the feasibility of using woody agricultural biomass wastes as grapes and cherries seeds, sawdust, as pore forming agent, and sugar cane ash, as silica precursor, in bricks, were reported.Sawdust and grapes and cherries seeds, thanks to their organic substances content, during their combustion, bring an energetic support in the bricks firing phase and act as pore forming agent. Usually the addition of this kind of waste is limited to 10 wt.% in order to reach an equilibrium between positive (weight and shrinkage decrease and porosity increase) and negative (increase of water absorption and mechanical resistance decrease) effects. The results show that grapes and cherries seeds, added in a percentage of 5 wt.% to a brick formulation, have better influence with respect to the sawdust, maintaining the mechanical properties of the fired brick (950 °C), showing modulus of rupture around 21–23 MPa with a weight reduction of 3–10% (respect to the standard one). Regarding the sugar cane ash, the addition of 5 wt.% improves the mechanical properties (modulus of rupture around 27 MPa) and no weight decrease is observed. These results confirmed the role played by this kind of agricultural waste, which thanks to its high silica content (61 wt.%) is capable to demonstrate a filler and plasticity reducing effect on the brick bodies. Tests carried out highlighted that the addition of these by-products (5 wt.%) do not change negatively the main technological properties measured (water absorption, linear shrinkage, flexural resistance, etc.) and permit to hypothesize their use to obtain bricks with both insulating and higher mechanical properties using a pore agent forming or silica carrier alternative raw materials, respectively.     

Energy Saving in Building Construction in China: A Review

Abstract

China is a developing country experiencing rapid economic growth. In recent years, increased urbanization has caused a tremendous rise of the energy consumption of buildings, and a corresponding need is to save this energy. In this article, the technologies and laws relative to building energy saving in China were presented which include building construction, the compound building energy system, policies, and the law etc. In order to fulfill the three stages of energy saving plan in building construction in China, the principal methods for developing building energy saving are introduced.     

建筑结构安全控制机制

就当前人们关注的建筑结构安全问题,结合系统失效规律,提出对建筑结构全过程实施可靠性鉴定,从而有效地控制了建筑结构倒塌事故。     

复杂环境下楼房的控制爆破拆除

介绍了在复杂环境下五层砖混结构大楼的爆破拆除,并对爆破方案的选择,参数的选取进行了分析和论述,可供类似工程参考.     

“互联网+”背景下员工心理健康风险分析及应对策略

从生产信息化技术应用、“信息爆炸”影响、“大众传媒”环境3个方面,系统分析了“互联网+”时代背景下工作、生活和舆论环境的剧烈变化对员工心理健康产生的负面影响;并从强化党建思想文化引领、加强精准化培训工作和引入员工援助计划3个方面,提出了针对性的应对措施。     

施工场地内安全标志位置的有效性研究及其应用

为提高施工场地内安全标志的可见性,选择建筑施工场地内常见的门架式出入口作为研究对象,采取理论推导与实验验证相结合的方法,探讨在观察行为中门架式安全标志的有效布置位置.首先在理论层面,从观察者的角度出发,通过研究行走路径、视野以及安全标志可见域之间的关系,推导出门架式安全标志有效布置区域的理论表示范围;然后在实验验证层面...     

The price of innovation: An analysis of the marginal cost of green buildings

Energy efficiency plays an important role in reducing the carbon externality from buildings, but economic analyses of more efficient, green building have thus far ignored input costs. This paper finds that the average marginal cost of green-labeled construction projects is smaller than the value premiums documented in the literature. However, design fees, representing just a fraction of development costs but paid largely up-front, are significantly higher for green construction projects. These projects also take longer to complete. The results provide some insight into the market barriers and market failures that may explain the relatively slow adoption of otherwise economically rational green construction practices.     

事故树分析方法在建筑物火灾人员伤亡中的应用

笔者在分析建筑物火灾发生并引起人员伤亡的基础之上,通过系统安全工程的事故树分析方法,综合考虑事故发生的全面过程,建立了建筑物火灾引起人员伤亡的事故树图,从最小割集、最小径集、结构重要度三方面,阐述了导致建筑物火灾引起人员伤亡的主要原因,从各因素的主次性方面着重对事故底部事件进行排序分级以及比较分析,找出了事故预防的关键途径。实例分析表明,事故树分析方法能对导致建筑物火灾引起人员伤害事故的各种因素及逻辑关系做出全面的阐述,并为建筑物火灾的预防以及最大限度地减少人员伤亡,提供了切实可信的参考依据。