Biotic and abiotic degradation of illicit drugs, their precursor, and by-products in soil

This study presents the first systematic information on the degradation patterns of clandestine drug laboratory chemicals in soil. The persistence of five compounds - parent drugs (methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)), precursor (pseudoephedrine), and synthetic by-products N-formylmethylamphetamine and 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene) - were investigated in laboratory scale for 1 year in three different South Australian soils both under non-sterile and sterile conditions. The results of the degradation study indicated that 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene and methamphetamine persist for a long time in soil compared to MDMA and pseudoephedrine; N-formylmethylamphetamine exhibits intermediate persistence. The role of biotic versus abiotic soil processes on the degradation of target compounds was also varied significantly for different soils as well as with the progress in incubation period. The degradation of methamphetamine and 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene can be considered as predominantly biotic as no measureable changes in concentrations were recorded in the sterile soils within a 1 year period. The results of the present work will help forensic and environmental scientists to precisely determine the environmental impact of chemicals associated with clandestine drug manufacturing laboratories.     

郑州市典型污染过程PM1中重金属浓度、来源及健康风险评估

颗粒物中重金属元素可对人体健康造成不利影响,粒径越小危害越大.利用在线重金属观测仪于2021年1月7～25日在郑州市连续测定PM₁中Al、 Si、 K、 Ca、 V、 Cr、 Mn、 Fe、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn、 As、 Se、 Ba、 Pb和Cd共16种重金属元素.结果表明,观测期间ρ（K）的浓度最高(0.62μg·m^-3).根据污染物浓度和气象特征,将观测期间划分为清洁日、沙尘日和霾日.大气PM₁中重金属污染特征和健康风险评价在不同污染过程下的贡献不同.利用美国EPA健康风险评价法评估重金属的健康风险,采用富集因子法和正定矩阵因子模型（PMF）解析重金属来源,并利用浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）和后向轨迹法对传输的影响进行评估.结果表明在不同污染过程下Zn、 As、 Se、 Pb和Cd的富集因子超过100,均受人类活动影响较大.在观测期间重金属主要来源为工业源、燃煤/生物质源、机动车源和扬尘源.将健康风险结果代入PMF分析发现,在清洁日、沙尘日和霾日期间工业源是致癌与非致癌健康风险的主要贡献源,且本地区PM_...     

基于改进的非线性GM(1,1)模型的职业病预测研究

为了更准确地预测职业病,在传统GM(1,1)模型的基础上,提出改进的非线性GM(1,1)模型,在传统的GM(1,1)模型中引入弱化算子,将紧邻均值与原始数据之间的线性假设改为非线性假设,提高曲线的拟合度。以2005—2014年的全国职业病例数为研究对象,进行数据拟合和预测分析,其中以2014年职业病例数作为验证数据,并利用后验差比值和小误差概率2个参数,检验该改进模型的预测精度。由应用实例的分析结果可知:在职业病发病趋势的预测方面,改进的非线性GM(1,1)模型的预测精度提高到一级,曲线拟合度较高,预测得到2015年的职业病例数为34 900例。     

活性污泥1#数学模型(ASM1)中的组分

活性污泥l#数学模型(AMl)常常用于预测污水处理厂中的生物过程。活性污泥数学模型组分的鉴定对活性污泥l#数学模型的应用具有重要的意义。本文描述了在活性污泥l#模型(ASMl)中污水组分的概念,以及组分鉴定的研究现状。     

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase transfer protocol for the highly efficient extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous phase

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase-transfer protocol is developed for the extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous solution to a hydrocarbon phase, which calls for first mixing the aqueous metal ion solution with an ethanolic solution of 1-dodecanethiol, and then extracting the coordination compounds formed between noble metal ions and 1-dodecanethiol into a non-polar organic solvent. A number of characterization techniques, including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that this protocol could be applied to extract a wide variety of noble metal ions from water to dichloromethane with an efficiency of >96%, and has high selectivity for the separation of the noble metal ions from other transition metals. It is therefore an attractive alternative for the extraction of noble metals from water, soil, or waste printed circuit boards.     

往复隔板絮凝池流场数值模拟及混凝效果分析

对往复隔板絮凝池内的流场进行了数值模拟 ,并根据絮凝池的工作特征分析了水流状态对混凝效果的影响。结果表明絮凝池转弯处过水断面面积A_1 与廊道过水断面面积A_2 的比值A =A_1 / A_2 ,这一影响流场紊流动能的设计参数的最佳范围是 1 2～ 1 5。按此设计参数设计的往复隔板絮凝池模型的混凝反应效率是比较理想的。     

Understanding the Lessons and Limitations of Conservation and Development

Abstract: The lack of concrete instances in which conservation and development have been successfully merged has strengthened arguments for strict exclusionist conservation policies. Research has focused more on social cooperation and conflict of different management regimes and less on how these factors actually affect the natural environments they seek to conserve. Consequently, it is still unknown which strategies yield better conservation outcomes? We conducted a meta‐analysis of 116 published case studies on common resource management regimes from Africa, south and central America, and southern and Southeast Asia. Using ranked sociodemographic, political, and ecological data, we analyzed the effect of land tenure, population size, social heterogeneity, as well as internally devised resource‐management rules and regulations (institutions) on conservation outcome. Although land tenure, population size, and social heterogeneity did not significantly affect conservation outcome, institutions were positively associated with better conservation outcomes. There was also a significant interaction effect between population size and institutions, which implies complex relationships between population size and conservation outcome. Our results suggest that communities managing a common resource can play a significant role in conservation and that institutions lead to management regimes with lower environmental impacts.     

基于MATLAB灰色GM(1,1)模型的大气污染物浓度预测

灰色GM(1,1)预测模型是灰色理论中的重要组成部分,也是主要的预测方法之一,因此,GM(1,1)模型的应用范围很广泛。以乌鲁木齐市市区的大气环境监测数据资料为依据,在分析灰色预测模型基本原理的基础上,利用MATLAB强大的矩阵功能,实现灰色GM(1,1)模型算法。通过灰色系统GM(1,1)模型,对乌鲁木齐市未来4年的环境空气质量进行了预测分析。预测结果显示,乌鲁木齐市未来4年环境空气质量将持续好转,表明近年来乌鲁木齐市采取的产业结构调整和清洁能源战略实施卓有成效。机动车尾气已经逐渐成为目前和未来一段时间内乌鲁木齐市空气污染的主要因素之一,控制和减少车辆尾气对空气的污染不容忽视,为今后乌鲁木齐市制定大气环境规划、防治大气污染控制提供了科学依据。     

海水中氰化物测定方法探讨

对应用异烟酸 吡唑啉酮分光光度法测定海水中氰化物的方法进行了补充和改进,提高了海水氰化物测定方法的精密度和准确度。     

走滑断层作用下X80管道设计应变规律和神经网络预测

走滑断层是埋地管道常见的地质灾害威胁,断层作用下管道会发生较大的拉压应变而失效。为得到X80管道的设计应变,基于有限元方法建立了走滑断层作用下管道的应变响应数值计算模型,模型使用壳单元模拟管道,非线性弹簧单元模拟土壤约束,采用西二线实际工程的管道应变影响参数范围,计算了管道的设计应变;为预测管道的设计应变值,基于以上参数化分析得到的4 817组设计应变结果,采用人工神经网络建立了管道设计应变预测模型。结果表明:该神经网络模型预测结果的最大相对误差小于10%,预测准确性良好,且该方法具有较高的计算效率,可以为断层作用下埋地管道的应变设计与评估提供参考。