巯基功能化13X分子筛对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附

用3-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷（MPTMS）对13X分子筛表面进行修饰,采用XRD和FT—JR测试方法对功能化前后的分子筛结构进行表征,结果表明,功能化后分子筛在保持原有结构同时表面还接枝了对Ph^2＋离子有吸附能力的巯基基团。吸附实验表明,巯基功能化分子筛对水中Ph^2＋离子比原分子筛具有更强的吸附去除效果,饱和吸附容量和去除率提高近一倍。SH-13X对Ph^2＋离子的等温吸附符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附容量为47．01mg／g,吸附强度b为2．26。动力学分析表明SH-13X对Ph^2＋离子的吸附过程更符合准二级动力学模型,而且粒内扩散不是该吸附过程的主要吸附机制。溶液中的Ph“与嫁接在分子筛表面及孔口位置的-SH功能团形成配位络合物而去除。     

N,N-二乙基对苯二胺分光光度法测定饮用水中的游离余氯

文中采用N,N-二乙基对苯二胺分光光度法测定饮用水中的游离余氯,实验结果表明,该方法可以准确测定水中的游离余氯且有好的线性,相关系数大于99%。方法检测限为0.01 mg/L,相对标准偏差为2.47～9.08%,回收率在92.5～105%之间,检测方法符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)的要求。     

Estimation of transport parameters of phenolic compounds and inorganic contaminants through composite landfill liners using one-dimensional mass transport model

One-dimensional (1D) advection–dispersion transport modeling was conducted as a conceptual approach for the estimation of the transport parameters of fourteen different phenolic compounds (phenol, 2-CP, 2-MP, 3-MP, 4-MP, 2-NP, 4-NP, 2,4-DNP, 2,4-DCP, 2,6-DCP, 2,4,5-TCP, 2,4,6-TCP, 2,3,4,6-TeCP, PCP) and three different inorganic contaminants (Cu, Zn, Fe) migrating downward through the several liner systems. Four identical pilot-scale landfill reactors (0.25 m³) with different composite liners (R1: 0.10 + 0.10 m of compacted clay liner (CCL), L_e = 0.20 m, k_e = 1 × 10⁻⁸ m/s, R2: 0.002-m-thick damaged high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane overlying 0.10 + 0.10 m of CCL, L_e = 0.20 m, k_e = 1 × 10⁻⁸ m/s, R3: 0.002-m-thick damaged HDPE geomembrane overlying a 0.02-m-thick bentonite layer encapsulated between 0.10 + 0.10 m CCL, L_e = 0.22 m, k_e = 1 × 10⁻⁸ m/s, R4: 0.002-m-thick damaged HDPE geomembrane overlying a 0.02-m-thick zeolite layer encapsulated between 0.10 + 0.10 m CCL, L_e = 0.22 m, k_e = 4.24 × 10⁻⁷ m/s) were simultaneously run for a period of about 540 days to investigate the nature of diffusive and advective transport of the selected organic and inorganic contaminants. The results of 1D transport model showed that the highest molecular diffusion coefficients, ranging from 4.77 × 10⁻¹⁰ to 10.67 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s, were estimated for phenol (R4), 2-MP (R1), 2,4-DNP (R2), 2,4-DCP (R1), 2,6-DCP (R2), 2,4,5-TCP (R2) and 2,3,4,6-TeCP (R1). For all reactors, dispersion coefficients of Cu, ranging from 3.47 × 10⁻⁶ m²/s to 5.37 × 10⁻² m²/s, was determined to be higher than others obtained for Zn and Fe. Average molecular diffusion coefficients of phenolic compounds were estimated to be about 5.64 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s, 5.37 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s, 2.69 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s and 3.29 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s for R1, R2, R3 and R4 systems, respectively. The findings of this study clearly indicated that about 35–50% of transport of phenolic compounds to the groundwater is believed to be prevented with the use of zeolite and bentonite materials in landfill liner systems.     

Mercury, lead and cadmium in human milk in relation to diet, lifestyle habits and sociodemographic variables in Madrid (Spain)

Background

Although breastfeeding is the ideal way of nurturing infants, it can be a source of exposure to toxicants. This study reports the concentration of Hg, Pb and Cd in breast milk from a sample of women drawn from the general population of the Madrid Region, and explores the association between metal levels and socio-demographic factors, lifestyle habits, diet and environmental exposures, including tobacco smoke, exposure at home and occupational exposures.

Methods

Breast milk was obtained from 100 women (20 mL) at around the third week postpartum. Pb, Cd and Hg levels were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Metal levels were log-transformed due to non-normal distribution. Their association with the variables collected by questionnaire was assessed using linear regression models. Separate models were fitted for Hg, Pb and Cd, using univariate linear regression in a first step. Secondly, multivariate linear regression models were adjusted introducing potential confounders specific for each metal. Finally, a test for trend was performed in order to evaluate possible dose-response relationships between metal levels and changes in variables categories.

Results

Geometric mean Hg, Pb and Cd content in milk were 0.53 μg L⁻¹, 15.56 μg L⁻¹, and 1.31 μg L⁻¹, respectively. Decreases in Hg levels in older women and in those with a previous history of pregnancies and lactations suggested clearance of this metal over lifetime, though differences were not statistically significant, probably due to limited sample size. Lead concentrations increased with greater exposure to motor vehicle traffic and higher potato consumption. Increased Cd levels were associated with type of lactation and tended to increase with tobacco smoking.

Conclusions

Surveillance for the presence of heavy metals in human milk is needed. Smoking and dietary habits are the main factors linked to heavy metal levels in breast milk. Our results reinforce the need to strengthen national food safety programs and to further promote avoidance of unhealthy behaviors such as smoking during pregnancy.     

基于灰色BP网络的火灾事故预测

将BP网络模型与灰色系统预测方法相结合,利用人工神经网络对GM(1,1)模型进行残差修正,建立了火灾事故预测模型.该模型兼具灰色系统与BP网络的优点,不但能体现火灾复杂的灰色系统行为,又能根据每次学习误差的不同调整学习速率,加快收敛速度.与单一的GM(1,1)模型相比,该模型预测结果具有更高的精度.     

Changes in persistent contaminant concentration and CYP1A1 protein expression in biopsy samples from northern bottlenose whales, Hyperoodon ampullatus, following the onset of nearby oil and gas development

A small population of endangered northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) inhabits "The Gully" a Marine Protected Area on the Scotian Shelf, eastern Canada. Amid concerns regarding nearby oil and gas development, we took 36 skin and blubber biopsy samples in 1996-1997 (prior to major development) and 2002-2003 (five years after development began), and three samples from a population in the Davis Strait, Labrador in 2003. These were analysed for cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) protein expression (n=36), and for persistent contaminants (n=23). CYP1A1 showed generally low expression in whales from The Gully, but higher levels during 2003, potentially coincident with recorded oil spills, and higher levels in Davis Strait whales. A range of PCB congeners and organochlorine compounds were detected, with concentrations similar to other North Atlantic odontocetes. Concentrations were higher in whales from The Gully than from the Davis Strait, with significant increases in 4,4'-DDE and trans-nonachlor in 2002-2003 relative to 1996-1997.     

公共聚集场所防火设计中的火灾场景设计研究

在对公共聚集场所性能化防火设计的基础上,介绍火灾场景设计的内容和方法,通过对火灾荷载和火灾热释放速率的计算,得到火灾发展的变化情况和热释放速率曲线,进而构建适合公共聚集场所等大空间建筑的火灾设定模型。并应用该计算方法和模型对某超市进行火灾场景设定来确定该火灾场景的最大热释放速率,并对其火灾蔓延可能性进行讨论,为火灾危害性评估以及火灾探测和扑救系统的有效性评估提供依据。     

硫化矿石堆自燃的灰色预测研究

采用灰色预测模型GM(1,1)对硫化矿石堆的自燃进行预测.根据相同间隔时间的矿石温度,通过灰色计算得出下一个或以后几个时间段的温度,将预测的温度与已有试验数据进行比较;参照硫化矿的发火周期,预测几天后矿石堆的自热状态,从而指导工作人员采取相应的防、灭火措施.实例验证表明,GM(1,1)适用于硫化矿的自燃预测.本研究对矿山安全建设工作具有一定的参考价值.     

Indoor Air Quality at Rural and Urban Sites in Pakistan

In the developing world, the vast majority of people rely on solid biomass fuels for cooking and heating which results in poor indoor air quality. The present study determined indoor air quality in some rural and urban areas of Pakistan. Measurements were made of particulate mass (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1), number concentration and bioaerosols in different micro environments. PM10 concentrations of up to 8,555 μg/m³ were observed inside the kitchens where biofuels were used as energy source. Cleaning and smoking was identified as a major source of indoor particulate pollution and concentrations of more than more than 2,000 μg/m³ were recorded in the living room during these activities. Indoor number concentrations in Lahore were typically greater than those observed outdoors in European cites. At a rural site the highest Colony Forming Units (CFUs) were in the 0.5 μm–2 μm size fraction, while at the urban location CFUs were dominant for 2 μm–16 μm. It was observed that CFUs(Colony Forming Units) counts were higher inside living rooms than kitchens. It is important to note that women and children were exposed to extremely high levels of particulates during cooking. Overall, indoor air quality in Pakistan was poor and there is a dire need to take a serious step to combat with it.     

化工园区企业危险量计算模型研究

提出化工园区的危险量并探讨其含义。选择基础危险量计算模型及安全评估指标,建立化工园区企业基础危险量计算模型。通过对影响化工园区企业安全的因素进行筛选,建立企业危险量影响因素体系。在此基础上,运用改进G1法和模糊综合评价法确定各因素的权重和隶属度,对化工园区企业基础危险量模型进行改进,提出化工园区企业危险量和园区总体危险量的计算模型。实现了化工园区危险程度的量化,进而辅助化工园区的安全管理和安全规划。