新显色剂NPBPDT的合成及在环境监测中的应用研究

研究了1(4硝基苯基)3(5溴吡啶)三氮烯(NPBPDT)的合成及其与汞的显色反应。在TX100存在下,pH值为11.5的Na2B4O7NaOH缓冲溶液中,该试剂能与汞发生显色反应,汞与NPBPDT形成摩尔比为1∶2型的黄色配合物,在440nm处有一最大正吸收峰,在535nm处有一最大负吸收。以440nm为参比波长,535nm为测量波长进行双波长测定,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.80×105Lmol·cm,汞的浓度在0～12μg25mL范围内符合比尔定律。用拟定方法测定废水中的微量汞,有较高的准确度和精密度。     

Silicalite-1分子筛吸附水体中对硝基甲苯与邻硝基甲苯

研究了以Silicalite-1分子筛为吸附剂对水体中对硝基甲苯和邻硝基甲苯的吸附和扩散行为.结果表明,对硝基甲苯在Silicalite-1分子筛中的吸附量及扩散系数均显著高于邻硝基甲苯.水中混合硝基甲苯在吸附量与扩散性上的差异导致Silicalite-1分子筛对对硝基甲苯具有良好的吸附选择性.300K,吸附30min时,可得到97.7%的对硝基甲苯与95.6%的邻硝基甲苯(采用树脂等吸附剂).     

绿色技术评价磺化反应过程热危险性

反应量热仪RC1研究磺化反应过程中热危险性具有评价路线简单、易于操作、过程绿色环保等优势,近年来逐渐成为研究的热点.磺化反应过程中由于工艺的不同,不同磺化反应过程的热危险性也具有很大的差别.通过反应量热仪RC1、差示扫描量热DSC、绝热加速量热仪ARC对10种不同工艺的磺化反应过程的热危险进行了深入的研究,对企业实践生...     

Adaptive Comanagement of a Marine Protected Area Network in Fiji

Adaptive management of natural resources is an iterative process of decision making whereby management strategies are progressively changed or adjusted in response to new information. Despite an increasing focus on the need for adaptive conservation strategies, there remain few applied examples. We describe the 9‐year process of adaptive comanagement of a marine protected area network in Kubulau District, Fiji. In 2011, a review of protected area boundaries and management rules was motivated by the need to enhance management effectiveness and the desire to improve resilience to climate change. Through a series of consultations, with the Wildlife Conservation Society providing scientific input to community decision making, the network of marine protected areas was reconfigured so as to maximize resilience and compliance. Factors identified as contributing to this outcome include well‐defined resource‐access rights; community respect for a flexible system of customary governance; long‐term commitment and presence of comanagement partners; supportive policy environment for comanagement; synthesis of traditional management approaches with systematic monitoring; and district‐wide coordination, which provided a broader spatial context for adaptive‐management decision making. Co‐Manejo Adaptativo de una Red de Áreas Marinas Protegidas en Fiyi     

Benefits of Investing in Ecosystem Restoration

Measures aimed at conservation or restoration of ecosystems are often seen as net‐cost projects by governments and businesses because they are based on incomplete and often faulty cost‐benefit analyses. After screening over 200 studies, we examined the costs (94 studies) and benefits (225 studies) of ecosystem restoration projects that had sufficient reliable data in 9 different biomes ranging from coral reefs to tropical forests. Costs included capital investment and maintenance of the restoration project, and benefits were based on the monetary value of the total bundle of ecosystem services provided by the restored ecosystem. Assuming restoration is always imperfect and benefits attain only 75% of the maximum value of the reference systems over 20 years, we calculated the net present value at the social discount rates of 2% and 8%. We also conducted 2 threshold cum sensitivity analyses. Benefit‐cost ratios ranged from about 0.05:1 (coral reefs and coastal systems, worst‐case scenario) to as much as 35:1 (grasslands, best‐case scenario). Our results provide only partial estimates of benefits at one point in time and reflect the lower limit of the welfare benefits of ecosystem restoration because both scarcity of and demand for ecosystem services is increasing and new benefits of natural ecosystems and biological diversity are being discovered. Nonetheless, when accounting for even the incomplete range of known benefits through the use of static estimates that fail to capture rising values, the majority of the restoration projects we analyzed provided net benefits and should be considered not only as profitable but also as high‐yielding investments. Beneficios de Invertir en la Restauración de Ecosistemas     

Climate Change,Marine Environments,and the U.S. Endangered Species Act

Climate change is expected to be a top driver of global biodiversity loss in the 21st century. It poses new challenges to conserving and managing imperiled species, particularly in marine and estuarine ecosystems. The use of climate‐related science in statutorily driven species management, such as under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), is in its early stages. This article provides an overview of ESA processes, with emphasis on the mandate to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to manage listed marine, estuarine, and anadromous species. Although the ESA is specific to the United States, its requirements are broadly relevant to conservation planning. Under the ESA, species, subspecies, and “distinct population segments” may be listed as either endangered or threatened, and taking of most listed species (harassing, harming, pursuing, wounding, killing, or capturing) is prohibited unless specifically authorized via a case‐by‐case permit process. Government agencies, in addition to avoiding take, must ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or conduct are not likely to jeopardize a listed species’ continued existence or adversely affect designated critical habitat. Decisions for which climate change is likely to be a key factor include: determining whether a species should be listed under the ESA, designating critical habitat areas, developing species recovery plans, and predicting whether effects of proposed human activities will be compatible with ESA‐listed species’ survival and recovery. Scientific analyses that underlie these critical conservation decisions include risk assessment, long‐term recovery planning, defining environmental baselines, predicting distribution, and defining appropriate temporal and spatial scales. Although specific guidance is still evolving, it is clear that the unprecedented changes in global ecosystems brought about by climate change necessitate new information and approaches to conservation of imperiled species. El Cambio Climático, los Ecosistemas Marinos y el Acta Estadunidense de Especies en Peligro     

Toxicity op technical X‐factor∗ to weanling rats. II. A subacute oral study

Abstract

Eighty male weanling rats were fed dietary levels o£ Technical X‐factor (β ‐isomer free BHC, a by‐product obtained during the separation of lindane from Tech. BHC) at dosages of 10, 50, 250, 750, 1500 and 3000 ppm for 90 days. No overt signs of toxicity or mortality were observed at any of the dietary levels. However, a significant reduction in food consumption and growth was evident beyond 750 ppm. Pronounced hepatomegaly observed at 1500 and 3000 ppra was associated with histolo‐gical alterations such as cellular hypertrophy, cyto‐plasmic vacuolisation and focal necrosis. Adrenals showed cortical hypertrophy and highly vacuolated cytoplasm. Though a significant increase in the levels of SGOT was noted at 3000 ppra dosage, no appreciable changes were observed in the levels of SGPT and SLDH. Technical X‐factor appeared to possess low chronic toxicity compared to Tech. BHC as evidenced by the various parameters studied. The observed low chronic toxicity of X‐factor is probably due to the absence of β ‐isomer and altered composition of delta and alpha isomers.     

Determination of fumonisins in milk

Abstract

Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) and fumonisin B₂ (FB₂) were determined in milk by liquid chromatography (LC) following immunoaffinity column cleanup. Recoveries from milk spiked with 5–50 ng each fumonisin/ml averaged 79–109%. The aminopentol hydrolysis product of FB₁ (AP₁) was determined by LC after cleanup on a C₁₈solid phase phase extraction column; mean recoveries were 69–83% at spiking levels of 50–100 ng AP₁/ml milk. Detection limits were of the order 3–7 ng/ml for FB₁ and FB₂, and 20–25 ng/ml for AP₁. A stability study showed no losses of FB₁ and FB₂ in milk under conditions of freezing, refrigeration and boiling. A transmission study using four cows dosed with pure FB₁, either orally (1.0 and 5.0 mg FB₁/kg b.w.) or by i.v. injection (0.05 and 0.20 mg FB₁/kg b.w.) showed no detectable residues of FB, or AP₁ in the milk, with or without hydroiytic treatment with β‐glucuronidase/sulfatase to liberate any conjugates.     

Shift of Spawning Season and Effects of Climate Warming on Developmental Stages of a Grayling (Salmonidae)

Abstract: River‐dwelling fish, such as European graylings (Thymallus thymallus), are susceptible to changes in climate because they can often not avoid suboptimal temperatures, especially during early developmental stages. We analyzed data collected in a 62‐year‐long (1948–2009) population monitoring program. Male and female graylings were sampled about three times/week during the yearly spawning season in order to follow the development of the population. The occurrence of females bearing ripe eggs was used to approximate the timing of each spawning season. In the last years of the study, spawning season was more than 3 weeks earlier than in the first years. This shift was linked to increasing water temperatures as recorded over the last 39 years with a temperature logger at the spawning site. In early spring water temperatures rose more slowly than in later spring. Thus, embryos and larvae were exposed to increasingly colder water at a stage that is critical for sex determination and pathogen resistance in other salmonids. In summer, however, fry were exposed to increasingly warmer temperatures. The changes in water temperatures that we found embryos, larvae, and fry were exposed to could be contributing to the decline in abundance that has occurred over the last 30–40 years.     

Devising Appropriate Policies and Instruments in Support of Private Conservation Areas: Lessons Learned from the Klein Karoo,South Africa

Abstract: The amount of privately conserved land is increasing worldwide. The potential of these areas to contribute to the global conservation of biodiversity is significant, given that statutory protected areas alone will not suffice. Nevertheless, there is still inadequate support for private conservation areas, and further research on appropriate, flexible, and generally applicable incentive measures is necessary. We conducted 25 semistructured interviews with the owners of private conservation areas in the Little Karoo, South Africa, to examine landowner opinions of existing conservation policies and their relationships with the local conservation authority. We also assessed landowner preferences regarding conservation incentive measures. Landowners doubted the conservation authority's capacity to implement its stewardship program and were also discouraged by the bureaucracy of the program. The conservation authority was often viewed negatively, except where landowners had experienced personal contact from conservation staff or where strong social capital had formed among landowners. Landowners did not desire financial rewards for their conservation efforts, but sought recognition of their stewardship role and greater involvement from the conservation authority through personal contact. We conclude that conservation policies for private lands could benefit from the provision of extension services to landowners, promotion of formation of groups of landowners and other stakeholders, and public acknowledgment of the contributions private conservation areas make.