碳汇价值的形成和评价

在碳减排形势下,如何评价固碳收益价值具有重要的理论与实践意义。论文首先从全球气候变化与碳排放的关联、碳排放与现有经济体系的关联、碳排放空间成为稀缺资源三个方面论证了碳汇效用价值形成的现实基础。然后评述了碳汇价值的构成与度量方法,指出了碳固定与碳蓄积价值的内涵差异。继而总结了碳汇价值的实现机制,认为可以通过碳交易、碳税和固碳项目实际成本3种机制实现碳价格,并在此基础上通过补偿实现碳汇价值。     

Carbon exchange by establishing biofuel crops in Central Illinois

Perennial grass biofuels may contribute to long-term carbon sequestration in soils, thereby providing a broad range of environmental benefits. To quantify those benefits, the carbon balance was investigated over three perennial grass biofuel crops - miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and a mixture of native prairie plants - and a row crop control (maize-maize-soy) in Central Illinois, USA, during the establishment phase of the perennial grasses (2008-2011). The eddy covariance technique was used to calculate fluxes of carbon dioxide and energy balance components, such as latent and sensible heat fluxes. Whereas maize attained the highest maximal carbon uptake rates, the perennial grasses had significantly extended growing seasons, such that their total carbon uptake rivaled that of corn in the second growing season and greatly exceeded that of soy in the third growing season. To account for the removal of carbon through harvest, net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) was combined with estimates of yields, resulting in the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB). After 2.5 years, NECB for the maize/soybean plot was positive (a source of carbon), while the grasses were a sink of carbon. Continuous measurements over the next years are required in order to confirm whether miscanthus, switchgrass and prairie can sustain a long-term sink of carbon if managed for biofuels, i.e., if harvested annually.     

温室效应与二氧化碳的控制

通过气候变暖及生态系统变化的事例简述了温室效应的危害及其起源 ,并从生物技术、能源革新、大气污染控制技术几个方面评述了近年来涌现出的二氧化碳控制技术的优缺点和发展前景。     

内蒙古温带草原羊草叶片功能特性与光合特征对外源氮输入的响应

以内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原典型植被羊草(Leymus chinensis)为研究对象,探讨了4个不同氮素输入水平(0、5、10和20g·m-·2a-1)下羊草叶片功能特性与光合特征的响应,并分析了外源氮输入背景下草地生态系统固碳潜势的变化.结果表明:中等水平施氮(10g·m-·2a-1)显著增加了羊草叶面积、叶绿素相对含量、叶氮浓度与净光合速率,但与中氮相比,高氮(20g·m-·2a-1)输入下却有所下降;施氮不仅对叶片净光合速率有一定程度的促进作用,而且延长了光合作用高峰期的持续时间;随着氮素添加梯度的增加,羊草叶片蒸腾速率降低,瞬时水分利用效率增高,气孔导度增大,胞间CO2浓度逐渐减小.从光合固碳的角度来看,适量的外源氮素输入有利于草地生态系统固定更多的CO2.     

Carbon flows and carbon use in the German anthroposphere: An inventory

Today, global climate change is one of the most urgent environmental problems. The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) has to be stabilised by significant reductions of CO₂ emissions in the next decades to keep the expected temperature rise within tolerable borders. Efforts exceeding the implemented measures to reduce CO₂ emissions in Germany are desirable. An important pre-condition for such measures is a scientific-based inventory of the sources, sinks, and use of carbon.In this paper, we present CarboMoG, i.e. Carbon Flow Model of Germany. CarboMoG is a carbon flow model covering carbon flows, carbon sources and sinks in Germany and the German anthroposphere, showing concurrent energy and non-energy use of carbon sources.The model consists of seven modules in German anthroposphere following the German classification of economic sectors. Carbon flows to and from atmosphere and lithosphere as well as imports and exports were included into the model. The model comprises roughly 220 material flows determined based on material flow procedures for the base year 2000.Main sources of carbon are fossil energy carriers from lithosphere and uptake of CO₂ by crops (52% resp. 48% of all carbon sources). The model calculations show that import of energy carriers dominates total carbon import to Germany (82%). Total non-energy use of carbon in Germany is significantly higher than energy use (386 Mt C and 230 Mt C, resp.). Carbon throughput of Industry is greatest (about 224 Mt C input), followed by Energy (about 129 Mt C input). Agriculture and Forestry & Industry show the highest figure for non-energy use of carbon, energy use of carbon is largest in the Energy sector. Emissions of CO₂ to atmosphere account for 94% of all carbon flows to sinks in Germany. Carbon accumulates in German anthroposphere 5 Mt C in 2000.     

Fe2O3对型煤固硫作用的机理探讨

根据煤中硫的着火点,发现硫的固定主要发生在温度低于５００℃的阶段,升温时间应小于３０ｍｉｎ,Ｆｅ２Ｏ３用量增多,ＣａＳＯ３转化生成ＣａＯ＋ＳＯ２＋０．５Ｏ２→ＣａＳＯ４的反应来模拟实际的煤燃烧时硫的固定过程,发现Ｆｅ２Ｏ３的加入对硫的固定起着较大的促进作用,而且Ｆｅ２Ｏ３主要是促进ＣａＯ＋ＳＯ２→ＣａＳＯ３这一反应过程。     

粉煤灰用于碳捕集、利用及封存的研究进展

总结了国内外粉煤灰用于CO₂捕集、利用和封存的不同技术研究进展,同时对今后的研究和机遇进行了展望.粉煤灰自身可通过直接干式、半干式、湿式和间接方法对CO₂进行矿化捕集封存,在CO₂矿化的同时降低粉煤灰自身重金属的浸出,并且矿化后的粉煤灰因有效降低游离CaO和MgO的含量而更适合于制作混凝土添加剂.粉煤灰也可制成活性炭、沸石和多孔二氧化硅等产品,并对CO₂进行物理吸附捕集,制成产品的类型主要取决于粉煤灰自身的成分组成和理化性质.在CO₂利用方面,粉煤灰除了可拓展建材的利用途径外,还可制作CO₂多种化学工艺所需催化剂或催化剂载体,以及制作新型材料拟薄水铝石等.我国“双碳”目标的提出及燃煤电厂粉煤灰自身的理化特性为粉煤灰提供了一条新的综合利用途径.     

活性炭对水中重金属离子去除效果的研究

通过静态吸附试验和吸附热力学与吸附机理探讨,表明pH值和活性炭投加量是影响活性炭从水中吸附重金属的主要因素,吸附容量随pH值增大而增大,但却随着吸附剂投加量的增加而减少;吸附规律可用Freundlich模式和Lang muir模式很好的模拟,重金属的吸附能力大小是Fe3 + >Cu2 + >Ni2 +     

The influence of environmental factors on the carbon dioxide flux across the water–air interface of reservoirs in south-eastern Poland

Studies concerning the emission of carbon dioxide(CO_2) were carried out in 2009–2012 for six reservoirs located in four provinces of south-eastern Poland. The CO_2 flux across the water–air interface was measured using the "static chamber" method. The measured fluxes of CO_2(FCO_2) ranged from-30.64 to 183.78 mmol/m~2/day, and the average values varied in the range from-3.52 to 82.11 mmol/m2/day. In most of the cases, emission of CO_2 to the atmosphere was observed. The obtained values of CO_2 fluxes were comparable to values typical for other temperate reservoirs. Analysis of the influence of selected environmental factors on the FCO_2 showed that it depends on parameters characterizing both the sediments and surface water. The CO_2 flux at the water–air interface was positively correlated with parameters of bottom sediments such as porosity, content of organic carbon and total nitrogen; and negatively with p H value and δ~(13)C of organic carbon. In the case of the parameters characterizing surface water, positive dependences on the concentrations of nitrate and total nitrogen, and negative relationships with water temperature and chlorophyll a concentrations, were found.     

超临界CO2萃取再生活性炭技术研究进展

超临界流体由于密度大、粘度低、表面张力小，是再生活性炭的理想溶剂，文章介绍了超临界ＣＯ２萃取再生活性炭的原理，研究现状，设备和工艺流程及对该工艺的影响因素，表明了该技术在活性炭再生上的特点，优势及应用前景。