基于FDS的综合管廊电缆火灾烟气优化控制模式研究

为给火灾情景下管廊检修人员应急疏散和外部消防救援提供有益指导,采用火灾动力学软件对不同的通风系统（自然通风、机械负压通风和全面机械通风）与防火门、喷淋系统的不同开启状况等12种组合模式下的温度、能见度等参数变化进行分析,探究综合管廊火灾烟气优化控制模式。结果表明:进风系统、排烟系统、喷淋系统以及防火门合理的优化组合模式能够达到有效控制管廊火灾烟气的目的;火灾情景下,自然通风系统不能有效控制火灾烟气的发展,而机械负压通风和全面机械通风系统,如能及时启动喷淋以及关闭防火门,管廊内的烟气便可得到有效的控制。研究结果可为应急条件下人员疏散提供参考。     

Fuzzy adaptive management of social and ecological carrying capacities for protected areas

Commonly used methods of evaluating the degree of consistency of protected area ecosystems with social and ecological carrying capacities are likely to result in decision errors. This occurs because such methods do not account for imprecision and uncertainty in inferring the degree of ecosystem consistency from an observed ecosystem indicator. This paper proposes a fuzzy adaptive management approach to determine whether a protected area ecosystem is consistent with ecological and social carrying capacities and, if not, to identify management actions that are most likely to achieve consistency when there is uncertainty about the current degree of consistency and how alternative management actions are likely to influence that consistency. The proposed approach is illustrated using a hypothetical example that uses an ecosystem indicator that reflects combinations of different levels of user satisfaction and conservation of threatened and endangered species. Application of the proposed fuzzy adaptive management approach requires a protected area manager to: (1) identify alternative management actions for achieving ecosystem consistency with social and ecological carrying capacities in each of several management zones in a protected area; (2) randomly assign alternative management actions to management zones; (3) define fuzzy sets for the ecosystem indicator and degree of ecosystem consistency, and fuzzy relations between the ecosystem indicator and the degree of ecosystem consistency; (4) monitor the indicator in each management zone; (5) define fuzzy sets based on the observed indicator in each management zone; and (6) combine the fuzzy sets defined on the observed indicator and the fuzzy relations between the indicator and the degree of ecosystem consistency to reach conclusions about the most likely degree of consistency for alternative management actions in each management zone. The fuzzy adaptive management approach proposed here is advantageous when the benefits of avoiding the decision errors inherent with crisp and stochastic decision rules outweigh the added cost of implementing the approach.     

基于灵敏度分析的斜拉桥拉索更换顺序研究

通过对部分换索桥梁换索顺序的调研,按照拉索不同的布置形式,总结了目前拉索更换所采用的主要顺序,并利用有限元分析方法对某双塔双索面斜拉桥进行了模拟换索,分析得到了偏于安全的换索顺序。通过拆单根索的弯曲应变能的变化,分析了斜拉桥换索的整体顺序。通过分析不同换索工况下的索力增量变化规律,包括单塔拆1根、双塔同侧索面对称拆4根、双塔不同侧索面反对称拆4根等3种工况,对拉索更换顺序进行了研究,并对其中的同侧索面和不同侧索面拆除4根拉索的工况进行了主梁线形的分析,建立了有限元模型。分析认为,斜拉桥拉索的更换宜从短索向长索反对称进行。     

不同环境条件对铝合金线缆组件电气性能的影响研究

目的 对比分析3种试验环境对2种不同型号铝合金线缆组件直流电阻与电压降的影响。方法 首先,以2种不同型号航空用铝合金导线(各包含3种不同线径)组成的铝合金线缆组件为试验对象,开展潮湿、盐雾、振动3种环境试验;其次,利用宏观与微观形貌观察、直流电阻测试方法与电压降测试方法,得到环境试验前后线缆组件的电气性能数据;最后,采用均值处理等方法,对试验数据进行整理,对比分析3种环境条件下铝合金线缆组件的直流电阻、电压降的变化规律。结果 铝合金线缆组件经潮湿与盐雾试验后,锡镀层无明显起泡、起皱和脱落;潮湿试验后,所有线缆组件直流电阻值均有所增加,且随着线径增加,直流电阻值的增加速率降低;盐雾试验后,几乎所有线缆组件的直流电阻与电压降都降低;振动试验后,所有线缆组件的直流电阻值均有所增加,然而增加值不超过3.2%,且振动试验后几乎所有线缆组件的电压降都降低。结论 铝合金线缆组件的端子镀层对潮湿与盐雾环境有一定的防护作用,有效避免了腐蚀膜层等的形成,降低了环境对铝合金线缆组件电气性能的影响。相比电压降,线缆组件的直流电阻对环境条件更为敏感。盐雾环境对铝合金线缆组件的电气性能尤其是直流电阻的影响较大,然而,由于端子镀层的防护,变化值小于10%。     

磁流变阻尼器的桥梁振动控制

利用磁流变阻尼器对结构振动进行控制是一种非常有前途的新技术。将锚索和磁流变阻尼器结合起来，提出了一种新的桥梁振动控制形式，并给出了算例分析结果。分析表明：应用本方法可以对桥梁的振动进行有效的控制。     

资源型重工业城市生态承载力评价

从城市生态承载力的三类变量之间的关系出发,构建城市生态承载力评价模型;并以资源型重工业城市抚顺市2000～2009年数据为基础,分析了该市的生态压力参数和生态弹性力参数的变化情况,评价了抚顺市的生态承载力水平。结果表明:抚顺市生态承载力变化分为3个阶段,平稳期(2000～2002年)、起伏期(2002～2007年)和递增期(2007～2009年);生态承载力水平由2000年的-0.311增长到2009年的-0.017,抚顺市一直处于重载状态,属于高耗损型,强不可持续发展模式,但有趋于可持续发展的趋势。     

猫道架设与拆除安全技术探讨

猫道为大跨径悬索桥施工必备的临时结构,为主缆架设、索夹和吊索安装、钢箱梁吊装、主缆防护等提供施工操作平台、材料及工具运输通道,从始至终贯穿整个悬索桥上部构造安装施工使用。猫道作业贯穿整个桥梁的上部施工过程,猫道上的作业全部为高空作业,施工人员承受着天气状况、风速、雨水(雨雪)、台风等自然环境影响,猫道的架设与拆除难度大、危险程度高。因此对猫道架设的工艺安全保障;导索过江安全管理及安全技术;猫道承重索架设工艺及安全技术;猫道面层、侧网、扶手绳及横向通道梁的架设;猫道架设施工安全要求作出规范,同时对猫道架设与拆除安全技术作出规定,保证了猫道架设与拆除作业的安全。     

Meta‐Analysis of the Effectiveness of Marked Wire in Reducing Avian Collisions with Power Lines

Abstract: Collisions of birds with power transmission and distribution lines have been documented for many species, and cause millions of casualties worldwide. Attempts to reduce mortality from such collisions include placing bird flight diverters (i.e., wire markers in the form of, e.g., spirals, swivels, plates, or spheres) on static and some electrified wires to increase their visibility. Although studies of the effectiveness of such devices have yielded contradictory results, the implementation of flight diverters is increasing rapidly. We reviewed the results of studies in which transmission or distribution wires were marked and conducted a meta‐analysis to examine the effectiveness of flight diverters in reducing bird mortality. We included in our meta‐analysis all studies in which researchers searched for carcasses of birds killed by a collision with wires. In those studies that also included data on flight frequency, we examined 8 covariates of effectiveness: source of data, study design, alternate design (if marked and unmarked spans were alternated in the same line), periodicity of searches for carcasses, width of the search transect, and number of species, lines, and stretches of wire searched. The presence of flight diverters was associated with a decrease in bird collisions. At unmarked lines, there were 0.21 deaths/1000 birds (n =339,830) that flew among lines or over lines. At marked lines, the mortality rate was 78% lower (n =1,060,746). Only the number of species studied had a significant influence on effect size; this was larger in studies that addressed more species. When comparing mortality at marked and unmarked lines, we recommend use of the same time intervals and habitats and standardizing the periodicity of carcass searches.     

Modelling interactions between scavenger behaviour and farming practices: Impacts on scavenger population and ecosystem service efficiency

Long term conservation of ecosystem services requires a deep understanding of their basic processes and the development of tools to assess the effects of human practices on their efficiency. As an example of recycling service, we focus on the consumption of livestock carcasses by obligate scavengers, taking the case of vultures which face a dramatic decline worldwide. We investigate whether maintaining this recycling service through individual feeding stations called light feeding stations in contrast to aggregated resource on heavy feeding stations can meet the double objectives of vulture conservation and service efficiency. We built a spatially explicit multi-agent model to investigate the long term effects of livestock farmers practices on both the recycling service efficiency for farmers and vulture population carrying capacity including: (i) carcass disposal practices that drive the quantity and spatial distribution of resources for vultures and (ii) temporal distribution of livestock mortality due to economic choices that drive the dynamics of resources for vultures. In addition, we examine various scenarios related to vulture feeding behaviour - i.e. central place vs. random foraging and contest vs. scramble intraspecific competition - that may play a role in the vulture carrying capacity and recycling service efficiency. When accounting for vulture central place foraging, we found that favouring the use of light feeding stations instead of heavy feeding station does not affect vulture population carrying capacity and increases the number of farmer for which vulture service is optimal. The increase of light feeding station users poorly affects the number of farmers for which vulture service is optimal in contrast to results obtained with a vulture random foraging behaviour. Both of the recycling service efficiency and the vulture carrying capacity vary with the kind of intraspecific competition and with the seasonal distribution of livestock mortality. Livestock mortality distributions with a seasonal peak of mortality result in a mismatch between vulture food requirement and farmers needs for carcass removal. Finally we raise several points on the relevance of light feeding stations as a sustainable management for vulture conservation and for the recycling service and discuss the potential implications of seasonal scarcity of resources due to farming economic constraints.     

劲柔索张拉穹顶抗火反应非线性有限元分析

劲柔索张拉穹顶结构抗火工程是以结构具有一定的抗火时间为标准 ,通过模拟预测实际火灾特性 ,采用有限元双重非线性方法进行结构的整体和局部抗火反应静力分析 ,求得直到倒塌时的结构抗火全过程响应 ,并确定结构的临界温度状态和整体结构的抗火时间极限 ,从而对其实际抗火能力有一个理性的了解和认识 ,为经济、科学的结构综合防火设计提供理论依据。