Ecological limitations and appropriation of ecosystem support by shrimp farming in Colombia

Shrimp farming in mangrove areas has grown dramatically in Asia and Latin America over the past decade. As a result, demand for resources required for farming, such as feed, seed, and clean water, has increased substantially. This study focuses on semiintensive shrimp culture as practiced on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. We estimated the spatial ecosystem support that is required to produce the food inputs, nursery areas, and clean water to the shrimp farms, as well as to process wastes. We also made an estimate of the natural and human-made resources necessary to run a typical semiintensive shrimp farm. The results show that a semiintensive shrimp farm needs a spatial ecosystem support—the ecological footprint—that is 35–190 times larger than the surface area of the farm. A typical such shrimp farm appropriates about 295 J of ecological work for each joule of edible shrimp protein produced. The corresponding figure for industrial energy is 40:1. More than 80% of the ecological primary production required to feed the shrimps is derived from external ecosystems. In 1990 an area of 874–2300 km² of mangrove was required to supply shrimp postlarvae to the farms in Colombia, corresponding to a total area equivalent to about 20–50% of the country’s total mangrove area. The results were compared with similar estimates for other food production systems, particularly aquacultural ones. The comparison indicates that shrimp farming ranks as one of the most resource-intensive food production systems, characterizing it as an ecologically unsustainable throughput system. Based on the results, we discuss local, national, and regional appropriation of ecological support by the semiintensive shrimp farms. Suggestions are made for how shrimp farming could be transformed into a food production system that is less environmentally degrading and less dependent on external support areas.     

Dive Operator Use Patterns in the Designated No-Take Zones of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS)

/ The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), created by Congress in 1990, addressed the issue of resource protection partly by proposing 26 "no-take" zones. These areas, discussed in the 1995 Draft Management Plan, disallowed all extractive activities, and four of the zones also prohibited diving and snorkeling. Furthermore, the Draft Management Plan considered recreational carrying capacity, proposing that use densities be studied and eventually limited in high-use and sensitive areas. Conducted with 62 commercial dive operators from the Florida Keys in 1995-96, this study uses geographic information systems (GIS) to determine the extent of FKNMS zone use by dive operators, assess the regional importance of FKNMS zones to operators, and compare management strategies by which to allow use while minimizing impacts to the coral reef resource. Dive operators took almost 70% of their total trips and 77% of their total divers to FKNMS zones in 1995. Although zone use is generally related to the proximity of dive locations, dive operators do rely disproportionately on single sites in certain regions. The resulting profiles demonstrate that management strategies need to consider disproportionate use, as well as the average number of users per trip, to effectively protect the region's environmental resources. In addition to implementing a carrying capacity plan, the FKNMS should consider a limited-entry system for dive operators.     

露天矿最终边坡角的快速拉格朗日有限差分法研究

某露天钼矿,矿体为石英粗面岩,下盘为流纹岩,上盘为粗面凝灰岩。原设计坑底标高为630 m,最终边坡角上盘实际取48°,下盘取50°。二期设计坑底标高为500 m。为了探索露天坑底延伸后的最终边坡角,分别应用ANSYS和快速拉格朗日有限差分法(FLAC-3D),研究矮台阶和高台阶开采的边坡稳定性及局部边坡加固方法。结果表明:应用ANSYS软件在D-P准则下研究最终边坡角及边坡稳定性是不合适的;由FLAC-3D得出经济合理的最终边坡角为48°~50°。为确保边坡的长期稳定,应用长8 m的锚索加固局部台阶,可减小其潜在的受拉区中的拉应力值;按一根锚索承担的台阶潜在的受拉区的岩体自重施加锚固力是合理的;若高台阶坡面角不变,边坡稳定性略有恶化;降低高台阶坡面角可加大边坡的稳定性。在莫尔-库伦准则下FLAC-3D适合搜索岩质边坡的潜在受拉区,据此确定最终边坡角技术可行、经济合理、简便适用。用该方法研究最终边坡角,克服了极限平衡法必须事先假定滑动面的弱点。     

硅橡胶电缆材料真空烘烤除气参数实验分析方法

目的在于通过硅橡胶电缆护套材料真空出气性能研究,分析材料真空烘烤除气的参数。方法是依据真空中材料出气性能测试标准,测试电缆材料使用温度范围内,不同温度条件下材料的质量损失(TML)、收集的可凝挥发物量(CVCM),分析材料出气参数的变化。结果硅橡胶电缆材料出气温度85℃时,CVCM量值与75℃时基本相同,出气温度95℃时,CVCM量值是85℃时的4倍,且收集到的物质组分也明显增加;出气温度85℃条件下,24小时后材料的质量损失约占总质量损失的94%。结论通过材料出气性能实验方法,有效获得了硅橡胶电缆材料真空烘烤除气参数,体电阻率测试结果检验了真空烘烤除气参数的合理性。     

苏通大桥结构健康状态评估技术研究与应用(1):拉索损伤识别

采用改进的RBF神经网络建立了苏通大桥拉索损伤识别方法。2个不同阶固有频率之比是仅与损伤位置有关的结构振动参数,据此定义了用于损伤定位的损伤特征指标,并用其来训练神经网络;提出了基于R2+准则与Jackknife校验的改进RBF算法,以有效地控制RBF网络的过拟合现象。算例结果表明,所提出的方法可以较好地对苏通大桥斜拉索进行损伤识别。     

电缆燃烧试验新旧标准的火灾动力学仿真对比分析

为了研究国家标准的变化对成束电缆燃烧试验的影响,使用FDS软件进行电缆燃烧性能的火灾动力学模拟研究。对新旧国家标准进行燃烧模拟,比较分析箱体温度、热释放速率（HRR）、电缆前后表面温度和烟密度仿真结果,考察新旧国家标准间的差异因素对燃烧的动力学过程的影响,根据模拟结果探讨新国家标准下电缆通过燃烧试验的难易程度和电缆的优化设计。研究结果表明:新标准对炭化高度要求更严格,故在保证电缆机械强度的前提下,为达到新标准中的B1级阻燃等级,应在旧标准A类阻燃的基础上增加电缆的阻燃效果,特别需要抑制火焰在电缆表面垂直蔓延的能力。     

拉萨站线缆材料短期试验性能分析

分析了线缆材料在拉萨自然环境试验站中1～2年的短周期试验性能变化。线缆高分子材料在土壤环境中性能变化较小,而在大气环境中力学性能有所下降,HDPE耐环境性能、应力开裂性能下降26％;金属在土壤环境中腐蚀较轻。拉萨大气与土壤自然环境对材料的短期腐蚀（老化）作用比较轻微。     

核电站电缆安全使用寿命评定方法

针对核电站电缆寿命评定试验的若干要素,结合该类电缆常用的两种高分子绝缘材料即交联聚乙烯和低烟无卤交联聚乙烯的特点,设计了完善其安全寿命评定试验的方案,并按相关要求进行长达5000h的试验,该方案运用数理统计中准确性较高的最小二乘法原理对试验数据进行处理,克服了以电性能加速老化手段评估电缆安全寿命时准确性较差的缺陷。最终结果验证了该类电缆能够满足其使用60年的要求,对核电站电缆的设计及安全运行具有重要的现实意义。     

大空间建筑火灾下钢索的力学反应参数分析

钢索在大空间建筑火灾升温条件下的力学反应是评价索网结构抗火性能的关键依据。基于非线性有限元方法,建立了钢索在高温下的力学分析模型,模拟了大空间建筑火灾升温历程中钢索力学反应全过程,用参数分析方法得到影响钢索在火灾升温历程中力学反应的关键因素。结果表明:在大空间建筑火灾升温历程中,钢索的水平张力呈下降的趋势;随着钢索的预应力比增加、温度场非均匀性的增强和跨度的增加,其水平张力下降速率增大;荷载比的增加对水平张力下降速率影响较小。上述结论与钢索水平张力的解析解一致,可为索网结构抗火性能分析提供参考。     

废旧电子电器产品资源化利用技术

介绍了废印制电路板处理及资源化技术、废旧冰箱无害化处理及资源回收技术、电视电脑拆解处理设备、废线缆资源回收生产线等四项废旧电子电器产品资源化利用技术的原理、工艺流程、技术特点及应用案例、经济和社会效益。