机动车制动磨损颗粒物及挥发性有机物的组分特征

利用制动惯性实验台测试了6套制动系统,分别采集了制动磨损颗粒物（BWPs）和制动过程中排放的挥发性有机物（VOCs）样品,提取并检测了颗粒物中39种元素、12种水溶性离子、7种碳组分和18种多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量,分析了气体样品中74种VOCs的浓度.含量较高的12种无机元素（即Sb、Mg、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ca、Si、Zr、K、Ba、Al和Fe）在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中的质量分数平均值分别为43.4%和40.3%,其中Fe的质量分数最高,在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中分别为16.6%和13.1%.元素的粒径分布与BWPs质量分布一致.12种水溶性离子在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中的质量分数平均值分别为16.5%和12.6%,其中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺的质量分数平均值较高.总碳（TC）在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中的质量分数平均值分别为21.9%和18.1%,有机碳（OC）的质量分数平均值是元素碳（EC）的5倍左右.检出率大于50%的PAHs共有6种,其中萘（Nap）含量最为丰富.74种VOCs的浓度平均值为316.04 μg ·m^-3,其中芳香烃的浓度最高.6套制动系统排放的BWPs组分和VOCs构成的差异较大,主要是由刹车片的品牌和制造使用的材料决定的.     

Effects of protected areas on survival of threatened gibbons in China

Establishing protected areas (PAs) is an essential strategy to reduce biodiversity loss. However, many PAs do not provide adequate protection due to poor funding, inadequate staffing and equipment, and ineffective management. As part of China's recent economic growth, the Chinese government has significantly increased investment in nature reserves over the past 20 years, providing a unique opportunity to evaluate whether PAs can protect threatened species effectively. We compiled data from published literature on populations of gibbons (Hylobatidae), a threatened taxon with cultural significance, that occurred in Chinese reserves after 1980. We evaluated the ability of these PAs to maintain gibbon habitat and populations by comparing forest cover and human disturbance between reserves and their surrounding areas and modeling the impact of reserve characteristics on gibbon population trends. We also assessed the perspective of reserve staff concerning PA management effectiveness through an online survey. Reserves effectively protected gibbon habitat by reducing forest loss and human disturbance; however, half the reserves lost their gibbon populations since being established. Gibbons were more likely to survive in reserves established more recently, at higher elevation, with less forest loss and lower human impact, and that have been relatively well studied. A larger initial population size in the 1980s was positively associated with gibbon persistence. Although staff of all reserves reported increased investment and improved management over the past 20–30 years, no relationship was found between management effectiveness and gibbon population trends. We suggest early and emphatic intervention is critical to stop population decline and prevent extinction.     

Effect of alcohol use on accelerating and braking behaviors of drivers

Objective: The present study examines the accelerating and braking behaviors of drivers at different blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) in heterogeneous driving conditions using driving simulator experiments.

Methods: Eighty-two licensed drivers performed simulated driving in a rural road environment designed in the driving simulator at 4 BAC levels: 0.00, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08%. Driving performance was analyzed using vehicle control variables such as mean acceleration and mean brake pedal force. Generalized linear mixed models were developed to quantify the effect of different alcohol levels and explanatory variables such as driver’s age, gender, and other factors on the driving performance indicators.

Results: Alcohol use was reported as a significant factor affecting the accelerating and braking performance of drivers. The acceleration model results indicated that drivers’ mean acceleration increased by 0.013, 0.026, and 0.027 m/s² for BAC levels of 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08%, respectively. Results of the brake pedal force model showed that drivers’ mean brake pedal force increased by 1.09, 1.32, and 1.44 N for BAC levels of 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08%, respectively. Age was a significant factor in both the models where a 1-year increase in driver age resulted in a 0.2% reduction in mean acceleration and a 19% reduction in mean brake pedal force. Driving experience could compensate for the negative effects of alcohol to some extent while driving.

Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed that drivers tend to be more aggressive and impulsive under the influence of alcohol, which deteriorates their driving performance. Impairment in accelerating and braking behaviors of drivers under the influence of alcohol leads to increased crash probabilities. The conclusions may provide reference in making countermeasures against drinking and driving and contribute to traffic safety.     

起重机两种制动器的比较与选用

介绍直流电磁铁式制动器和交流电力液压推杆式制动器各自的特点,并对它们的优缺点进行分析,提出了我厂对它们的选用情况。     

Heavy Mining Vehicle Controls and Skidding Accidents

This paper examines various control locations in heavy mining vehicles. Three trucks have been tested on a skid pad in both clockwise and anticlockwise directions. The skid lengths were measured after each trial. The primary focus of the study was the positioning of various controls and their relevance to various skid lengths. Some additional measures such as NASA-TLX scales were also used to make subjective evaluations. The results are presented in this paper. The findings clearly indicate the relevance of control locations to actual skid lengths. The poorly located controls resulted in greater skid lengths. This is an important finding as skid lengths are related to greater reaction times in a skidding situation and hence greater risk of accidents on relevant trucks. Such accidents can incur large repair bills for damaged equipment whereas more importantly, jeopardizing the life and safety of heavy mining vehicle drivers.     

热带海洋大气环境下制动盘防护工艺耐腐蚀性能分析

目的研究汽车制动盘的三种防护工艺在热带海洋大气环境下的耐腐蚀性能。方法针对三种防护工艺的制动盘,在万宁试验站采用户外暴露试验方法开展对比试验。结果某无铬锌铝涂层1防护工艺的制动盘严重生锈,腐蚀程度最严重。某无铬锌铝涂层2和石墨烯防护工艺的制动盘在热带海洋大气环境中发生轻微生锈。结论在热带海洋大气环境下,某无铬锌铝涂层1防护工艺的耐蚀性能最差,某无铬锌铝涂层2和石墨烯防护工艺耐蚀性能良好,具有更好的环境适应性。     

航空刹车系统电子防滑控制盒环境适应性与可靠性

为航空刹车系统研制的电子防滑控制盒是改型产品,经C型、S型阶段环境适应性试验暴露出设计薄弱环节,采取改进措施后产品通过了鉴定试验,提高了产品可靠性,并结合碳机轮刹车系统可靠性增长试验进行了验证,取得了初步的成绩。     

电梯制动器机械装置提起（或释放）验证的研究

为确保电梯制动器检测开关能够准确检测电梯制动器机械装置提起（或释放）的异常,消除异常造成的危险情况,结合电梯制动器的型式和检测开关的动作原理,对各种检测开关接线方式进行分析,针对制动器的型式提出了合理的制动器检测开关接线方式。研究结果表明:直压式制动器可用1个通断状态的检测开关对其机械装置的提起（或释放）进行验证,但应在电梯的主板上设置2个检测点;杠杆式鼓式制动器应用具备2个通断状态的检测开关对其机械装置的提起（或释放）进行验证,且应采用常开并联或常闭串联的方式检测制动器机械装置的释放,采用常闭并联和常开串联的方式检测制动器机械装置的提起。     

Ignition advancement study for optimized characteristics of a raw biogas operated spark ignition engine

In the current investigation, raw biogas obtained from rural sectors was used as the alternative to gasoline fuel in the spark ignition (SI) engine. The performance and efficiency are mainly dependent on the combustion phasing for which “ignition timing” is an effective tool in a SI engine. Hence, the objective of the present work is to understand the effect of “variable ignition timing” for a biogas-fueled SI engine. For this purpose, a single cylinder, 4-stroke, SI engine of rated power 4.5 kW was operated with raw biogas at a compression ratio (CR) of 10. By maintaining a speed of 1650 rpm, the engine was operated in wide open (WOT) and part throttle (PT) mode with an equivalence ratio of 0.81 and 0.83, respectively. It was observed that the biogas fueled SI engine was found to be operative only within the ignition advance (IA) range of 33–47° CA bTDC both in WOT and PT conditions. The results showed optimal brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) are achieved at 45° CA bTDC. The average peak cylinder pressure, neat heat release rate (NHRR) and mean gas temperature (MGT) are also observed to be maximum while CO and HC emission at this point of IA were found to be minimum. Due to controlled and complete combustion, CO₂ and NO_x concentration in the exhaust emission were found to be higher at this point of ignition timing.     

基于CFD仿真的炮口制退器性能影响因素研究

目的 在降低火炮后坐力的同时,保证炮手区域超压和温度符合要求。方法 利用流体仿真软件进行炮口流场的数值模拟,对制退器性能影响因素进行仿真分析。根据分析结果,得到改进后的制退器模型,并进行仿真和试验对比。结果 加装侧孔外反射挡板和侧孔倾斜对制退器性能的影响较大,并随角度的变化而变化,加装吹孔能有效降低炮后超压和温度。改进后,制退器的效率提升8.33%,炮后超压值平均降低44.10 kPa,炮后温度值平均降低358.28 K。结论 改进后的制退器具有更高的制退效率以及较低的炮后超压值和温度值。