水泥炉窑中低温催化脱硝技术中试性能

利用中低温SCR脱硝技术路线对水泥窑炉进行深度脱硝,设计建设了烟气处理量为10000m³/h的SCR中试实验装置,考察了在SNCR装置后烟气中未能反应的NH₃进一步在SCR（selective catalytic reduction）装置的脱硝效果,并分析了不同入口NO_x浓度对脱硝率的影响.结果表明,所研究的水泥厂仅采用SNCR（selective non-catalytic reduction）和低氮燃烧技术,能够将烟气中的NO_x控制在100~135mg/Nm³,在不喷氨的状态下SCR系统的脱硝效率可达到50%以上,说明SNCR反应存在着一定懂得氨逃逸;在SCR系统补充喷射氨气后,SCR脱硝效率有显著的提升,可提到至80%以上.通过低氮燃烧、SNCR与SCR等脱硝技术的联合使用,可将水泥炉窑烟气中NO_x的排放浓度控制在50mg/Nm³以内,满足超低排放要求;将经过较长时间稳定运行后催化剂从系统中取出,进行成分、孔径分布和脱硝活性对比,结果表明催化剂内部微孔会被部分堵塞,导致比表面积降低,但经吹扫处理催化剂的脱硝效率可恢复,说明催化剂在水泥窑炉烟气条件下长期运行未出现中毒现象.     

Assessment and mapping of environmental quality in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province, China

Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province were monitored to indicate the status of heavy metal contamination and assess environmental quality of agricultural soils. A total of 908 soil samples were collected from 38 counties in Zbejiang Province and eight heavy metal （Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Ni and As） concentrations had been evaluated in agricultural soil. It was found 775 samples were unpolluted and 133 samples were slightly polluted and more respectively, that is approximately 14.65% agricultural soil samples had the heavy metal concentration above the threshold level in this province by means of Nemerow＇s synthetical pollution index method according to the second grade of Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of China （GB15618- 1995）. Contamination of Cd was the highest, followed by Ni, As and Zn were lower correspondingly. Moreover, Inverse Distance Weighted （IDW） interpolation method was used to make an assessment map of soil environmental quality based on the Nemerow＇s pollution index and the soil environmental quality was categorized into five grades. Moreover, ten indices were calculated as input parameters for principal component analysis （PCA） and the principal components （PCs） were created to compare environmental quality of different soils and regions. The results revealed that environmental quality of tea soils was better than that of paddy soils, vegetable soils and fruit soils. This study indicated that GIS combined with multivariate statistical approaches proved to be effective and powerful tool in the mapping of soil contamination distribution and the assessment of soil environmental quality on provincial scale, which is beneficial to environmental protection and management decision-making by local government.     

厌氧-好氧-混凝工艺处理印染废水中试研究

采用厌氧-好氧-混凝工艺处理难降解印染废水中试研究. 结果表明:中试系统稳定运行70 d,在进水ρ(COD_Cr)(最高值为1 060.0 mg/L,最低值为617.7 mg/L,平均值为765.1mg/L)波动较大的情况下,厌氧上流式水解池出水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值为399.6 mg/L,COD_Cr去除率平均值为45.6%,厌氧上流式水解池对COD_Cr的去除效果最明显. A/O(PACT)池出水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值为105.2 mg/L,过滤池出水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值为51.3 mg/L,系统COD_Cr总去除率平均值为93.2%. 进水色度平均值为354倍,出水色度平均值为22倍,系统色度总去除率平均值为93.9%. 气质联用(GC-MS)检测显示,印染废水中的有机物得到有效降解.      

面向复杂设备的分布式故障诊断研究

基于复杂系统的设备故障诊断的要求 ,按故障信息流动的方向将诊断过程分为实时监测层、故障诊断层及综合决策层 ,并建造一种分布式多级黑板诊断结构模型。根据不同诊断层次的特点 ,赋予其不同的诊断方法。在实时监测层中各实时监测单元采用神经网络和知识基模块的混合结构完成该层任务 ;故障诊断层则基于广义知识表达模型 ,建立三库结构 ,即静态实例库、动态实例库和规则库 ,整个推理过程基于三级推理机制 ;综合决策层为一智能型的辅助决策支持系统 ,提供对整个系统生产与设备运行状态的综合诊断与决策。     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

Experimental study on MSW gasification and melting technology

In order to develop municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification and melting technology, two preliminary experiments and a principle integrated experiment were fulfilled respectively. The gasification characteristics of MSW are studied at 500-750℃ when equivalence ratio (ER) was 0.2-0.5 using a fluidized-bed gasifier. When temperature was 550-700℃ and ER was 0.2-0.4, low heat value (LHV) of syngas reaches 4000-12000 kJ/Nm3. The melting characteristics of fly ash were investigated at 1100-1460℃ using a fixed-bed furnace. It was proved that over 99.9% of dioxins could be decomposed and most heavy-metals could be solidified when temperature was 1100-1300℃. The principle integrated experiment was carried out in a fluidized-bed gasification and swirl-melting system. MSW was gasified efficiently at 550-650℃, swirl-melting furnace maintains at 1200-1300℃ stably and over 95% of fly ash could be caught by the swirl-melting furnace. The results provided much practical experience and basic data to develop MSW gasification and melting technology.     

城市水环境承载力及其实证研究

采用系统研究方法，对城市水环境承载力的概念、实质、功能及定量表达方法作出了分析，并利用系统动力学模拟手段进行了实证研究，利用水环境承载力指数变化对拟定的调整策略变量作出了预测、优化，得出了较满意的结论。     

北京地区大气颗粒物污染的风向因素研究

2005年9月~2006年9月在北京市北部、中部、南部3个点位采集了大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,并采用电感耦合等离子体光谱、质谱技术测定了29种无机元素.基于大气浓度数据和气象观测资料,研究了925hPa时不同风向对北京市TSP浓度及Al、Fe、Ca、S、Se、Pb、Zn等特征元素空间分布及来源的影响.结果表明,TSP及Al、Fe等地壳来源元素在东北、西北、西南3种风向下,3点位的平均浓度变化不大,表现出明显的顺东北风递增的特征;Pb、Zn等冶炼排放元素的3点位平均浓度以西南风时为高,并表现出明显的顺西南风递减的特征.Pb、Zn等重金属元素主要来源于北京南部以远地区有色冶金企业排放的大气传输;而地壳元素主要来自北京本地排放源的贡献.     

资源科学几个基本问题的探讨

资源科学的研究领域涉及自然资源和社会资源,但其研究对象不应是具体的资源,而应是区域资源系统。资源科学是建立在地学、社会科学和技术科学等众多学科之间的一门边缘学科,是钱学森所倡导建立的“地理科学”这一科学体系中的一门一级分支学科,其研究对象属于区域发展所依托的“地球表层”的资源范畴。资源科学的学科特点有三:综合性是资源科学区别于其他学科单项资源研究的特色体现,为资源科学的立身之本;区域性是资源科学实现综合研究的途径体现,是研究方式的具体表达,是资源科学的立命之道;交叉性是资源科学研究课题的来源体现,是学科形成的根源,是资源科学的立世之基。资源科学的学科体系可从两个角度来构建,即按内容层次建立资源科学的内容学科分类体系,按研究对象的性质和研究的方法角度建立资源科学的类型学科分类体系。二者的交叉,可以形成资源科学众多的分支学科,它们共同构成了资源科学的科学体系。     

耕地流转农户行为影响因素的实证分析——基于江西省1396户农户耕地流转行为现状的调研

论文利用江西省42个县(区)74个行政村1396户农户的抽样调查数据,通过建立耕地流转行为与各自变量的Logistic回归计量模型,从家庭特征因素、家庭经济因素和资源禀赋因素三方面分析了农户耕地流出和流入行为的影响因素。研究表明:外出打工对耕地流出影响最大,是农户耕地流出的最大驱动力;而经济收入与耕地流转是互为因果的关系,耕地流入户的经济收入存在明显低于流出户的经济收入的趋势;地形特征对耕地流出行为有明显影响,地形越平坦,越容易流出,同样耕地越破碎,越不易被流入户接受。