新农村建设及特色产业发展中的金融支持问题研究——以甘肃省平凉市为例

建设社会主义新农村,是党中央运用科学发展观破解三农问题的新理念和新实践,是中国特色社会主义现代化的必然要求,是建设社会主义和谐社会的战略举措,也是增进农民福祉、惠及广大农民群众的民心工程。金融作为现代经济的核心,责无旁贷,义不容辞的要充分发挥杠杆作用,肩负起支持新农村建设与特色产业可持续发展的历史重任,紧密结合当地实际,不断创新金融产品,积极优化信贷结构,着力提升服务水平,切实解决金融支持乏力、担保机构缺位、农业保险缺失、信用环境不佳等诸多困难与问题,尚需研究和解决。本文以平凉市为例,进行了实证分析与思考。     

Impacts of the Rising Opportunity Cost of Farm Labor on Agricultural Land Use Structure: Theory and Empirical Evidences

Nowadays the rising of opportunity cost of farm labor comes to the forefront of attention in China. In order to understand its impact on agricultural land-use structure, a theoretical framework of household economics is formulated drawn on Low’s model. Under the theoretical framework, the impact of the rising opportunity cost of on-farm on cropping structure is deduced in theory. And then, using statistic and survey data, taking mountain area of southern Ningxia as an example, the theoretical assumes are verified. The results show that the rise of opportunity cost of farm labor leads to less diversified cropping structure.     

废弃电路板SMD元件热拆除工艺实验研究

废弃电路板元件的分离,一直是废弃电路板回收利用的难点。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立表面安装元器件(SMD)的有限元分析模型,通过对加热过程进行仿真,分析出元件分离的必要条件。     

公众参与自然资源管理的实践模式——基于国内外典型案例的对比研究

在自然资源管理过程中引入公众参与是为了满足公众自身利益,提高决策的科学性,最终达到自然资源效率提升和可持续利用的双重目标。选取发达国家和发展中国家具有代表性的典型案例,进行对比分析;侧重于主导发起主体的不同,归纳出三种参与模式,进而对模式特点、模式间比较以及模式的整体演变过程进行阐析;以发展中国家中国为例,提出在中国实施公众参与自然资源的措施建议和路径导向。结论如下:①发达国家公众参与自然资源管理模式呈现出参与行为的法律化、参与主导的非政府化、参与意识的增强化和参与主体的广泛化特点,而发展中国家的参与模式则呈现出参与主导的政府化、参与意识的淡薄化和参与途径的单一化特点;②依据发起主体不同,公众参与自然资源管理的模式分为政府主导发起型参与、非政府主导发起型参与和公众自觉发起型参与,并按照参与认知水平的提升而不断演进;③在中国实施公众参与自然资源过程中,要提升公众参与认知水平,强化法律保障建设,转变主导发起者角色,拓宽参与途径,从而实现自然资源的可持续利用。     

细水雾抑制18650型锂离子电池热失控实验研究

为研究细水雾灭火系统对18650型锂电池热失控的抑制效果,利用自设计实验平台进行抑爆实验,对比初爆与燃爆两个关键点及有无外部热源的温度变化图。研究表明,细水雾能够明显抑制18650型锂电池热失控,但施加细水雾的时间点对抑制效果影响较大,初爆后施加细水雾能够有效抑制,在燃爆后施加细水雾10s内温度降低200℃以上,但由于锂电池内部电解液复燃的特点,温度回升。温升速率的变化使得电池初爆的时间和温度分别提前了67.4%和44.4%,据此提出通过探测18650型锂电池初爆释放气体发现热失控发生并在最短时间内移除异常行为电池来控制电池热失控及其热量的异常传播。     

我国城市人居环境改善与能源消费关系研究

随着我国经济建设水平和综合国力的提高,近20年来人居环境的改善有目共睹。但与此同时能源消耗和温室气体排放增加是个不容回避的问题。本文选择城市人均住宅建筑面积、人均拥有道路面积、人均公园绿地面积三个指标反映我国城市人居环境质量,研究了我国城市人居环境改善和能源消费之间的变化关系。通过与发达国家的对比,发现我国人居环境建设并没有像发达国家那样带来人均生活能源消费的同幅增长,而是出现了"喇叭口"现象,两个指标之间最大相差2.4倍,但也存在一个适度的节能居住条件,中国目前已经偏离了这个最优点并处于耗能的上升期。德国与我国类似,在户均住房面积和人均能源消费量之间也存在一种类似U型曲线关系,但上升阶段明显比我国更陡。虽然与德国、日本、美国相比我国在人均能源消费上最少,但从总量和长期趋势来看,中国仍面临着重重挑战,必须通过使用节能技术和新能源来降低能耗、减少二氧化碳排放,营造节能又宜居的城市人居环境。     

Process conditions of preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalysttypes, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst of the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size (φ) was 0.833 mm×0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235℃ and 5 Mpa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield is 0.418 g/g cornstalk. The study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk)gas.     

Adsorption removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by active red mud

Red mud is the waste of alumina industry and has high TiO_2 and Fe_2O_3 content which are active components for the adsorption of anion pollutants.In this study,the uptake of phosphate by red mud activated by heat treatment and acid-heat treatment was investigated. The factors influencing the adsorption were also investigated.The result showed that the red mud sample treated using acid-heat method at 80℃with 0.25 mol/L HC1 for 2 h achieved the highest phosphate removal.For the heat-activated red mud,the sample heated at 700℃for 2 h preformed better than the other heat treatment.Phosphate removal by the activated red mud was significantly pH dependent,and pH 7 was the optimal pH for phosphate removal.The adsorption fits Langmuir isotherm model well and the maximum adsorption capacities of the acid-heat activated red mud and the heat activated samples were 202.9 mgP/g and 155.2 mgP/g,respectively.     

城市污水分段进水A/O脱氮工艺试验研究

对分段进水A/O脱氮工艺技术的经济性进行了分析:与单级A/O工艺相比,该工艺在运行中无需混合液内回流、反应器中平均污泥浓度高,具有脱氮效率高、基建投资和运行费用省等特点.并以西安市北石桥污水净化中心城市污水为处理对象,在有效容积为1.2 m3的四级分段进水A/O反应器中进行了试验研究.试验在各级进水流量分配比例依次为40%,30%,20%和10%,以及污泥回流比为50%的工况下,连续运转了70 d.结果表明:采用分段进水A/O脱氮工艺处理城市污水具有较强的耐冲击负荷能力,出水水质稳定.在水力停留时间为7.5 h,污泥龄为15 d时,其COD_Cr,NH₄++-N和TN的去除率分别为93%,95.8%和68.5%;反应器中的平均污泥浓度比单级A/O工艺提高约30%以上.      

基于分形理论的生态环境影响评价范围定量研究

以神农架林区滑雪场建设为例,在阐述分形理论用于生态环境影响评价可行性的基础上,提出了基于分形理论的生态环境影响评价范围定量研究方法。以滑雪场项目为中心向外扩展选取8km、30km的圆形范围作为两个研究区,以500m为测度分别将研究区一、二划分为18和62个环带,运用GIS分析计算了不同环带内不同生态类型斑块的边长、面积及分维数,进行回归分析,分别得到两个无标度区,从而确定滑雪场生态评价范围为78.5km2,并运用分形理论对定量确定评价范围进行了一次有益探索,给环评工作者提出了一套解决定量评价建设项目对生态环境影响范围的方法和思路,以供借鉴和参考。