水泥材料的污染因子及全过程环境意识评价

针对我国水泥生产的现状，在跟踪水泥生产工艺的基础上，讨论了水泥生产的环境污染问题及环境影响评价的特殊性，并就其中的污染主因子进行了系统分析，提出了控制措施，同时从环境影响的角度探讨了水泥材料的环境意识评价，这对我国大中型水泥企业的环境评价和和环境保护具有指导及借鉴意义。     

Environmental monitoring of PCDD/Fs and metals in the vicinity of a cement plant after using sewage sludge as a secondary fuel

In 2005, the partial substitution (20%) of fossil fuel by sewage sludge was tested in a Spanish cement plant. In order to establish the environmental impact for the surroundings, in 2006, the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl, V, and Zn) were monitored in soil and vegetation samples collected near the cement plant. The temporal trends in the pollutant levels were studied by comparing the concentrations with those obtained in a previous survey (2003) in the same sampling sites. Very slight changes of the PCDD/F concentrations in both monitors were registered in the period 2003–2006 (0.17–0.15 and 0.94–1.10 ng I-TEQ kg⁻¹ dw in herbage and soil, respectively). In turn, there was a notable heterogeneity in the evolution of metal levels, which varied according to each particular element. Anyhow, the current levels of organic and inorganic pollutants are in the low part of the range in comparison with other zones impacted by cement plants, as well as industrial and urban areas worldwide. The human health risks derived from the exposure to PCDD/Fs and metals were also assessed. Although the cancer risks due to PCDD/Fs slightly increased, a reduction of the total carcinogenic risks, including metals, was noted. In conclusion, there were not observed impact changes for the environmental and the local population as a consequence of using sewage sludge as secondary fuel.     

Cost–benefit analysis of using sewage sludge as alternative fuel in a cement plant: a case study

Background, aim, and scope  To enforce the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol targets, a number of governmental/international institutions have launched emission trade schemes as an approach to specify CO₂ caps and to regulate the emission trade in recent years. These schemes have been basically applied for large industrial sectors, including energy producers and energy-intensive users. Among them, cement plants are included among the big greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters. The use of waste as secondary fuel in clinker kilns is currently an intensive practice worldwide. However, people living in the vicinity of cement plants, where alternative fuels are being used, are frequently concerned about the potential increase in health risks. In the present study, a cost–benefit analysis was applied after substituting classical fuel for sewage sludge as an alternative fuel in a clinker kiln in Catalonia, Spain. Materials and methods  The economical benefits resulting in the reduction of CO₂ emissions were compared with the changes in human health risks due to exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and carcinogenic metals (As, Cd, Co, and Cr) before and after using sewage sludge to generate 20% of the thermal energy needed for pyro-processing. The exposure to PCDD/Fs and metals through air inhalation, soil ingestion and dermal absorption was calculated according to the environmental levels in soil. The carcinogenic risks were assessed, and the associated cost for the population was estimated by considering the DG Environment’s recommended value for preventing a statistical fatality (VPF). In turn, the amount of CO₂ emitted was calculated, and the economical saving, according to the market prices, was evaluated. Results  The use of sewage sludge as a substitute of conventional energy meant a probability cancer decrease of 4.60 for metals and a cancer risk increase of 0.04 for PCDD/Fs. Overall, a net reduction of 4.56 cancers for one million people can be estimated. The associated economical evaluation due to the decreasing cancer for 60,000 people, the current population living near the cement plant, would be of 0.56 million euros (US$ 0.83 million). In turn, a reduction of 144,000 tons of CO₂ emitted between 2003 and 2006 was estimated. Considering a cost of 20 euros per ton of CO₂, the global saving would be 2.88 million euros (US$ 4.26 million). Discussion  After the partial substitution of the fuel, the current environmental exposure to metals and PCDD/Fs would even mean a potential decrease of health risks for the individuals living in the vicinity of the cement plant. The total benefit of using sewage sludge as an alternative fuel was calculated in 3.44 million euros (US$ 5.09 million). Environmental economics is becoming an interesting research field to convert environmental benefits (i.e., reduction of health risks, emission of pollutants, etc.) into economical value. Conclusions  The results show, that while the use of sewage sludge as secondary fuel is beneficial for the reduction in GHG emissions, no additional health risks for the population derived from PCDD/F and metal emissions are estimated. Recommendations and perspectives  Cost–benefit analysis seems to be a suitable tool to estimate the environmental damage and benefit associated to industrial processes. Therefore, this should become a generalized practice, mainly for those more impacting sectors such as power industries. On the other hand, the extension of the study could vastly be enlarged by taking into account other potentially emitted GHGs, such as CH₄ and N₂O, as well as other carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic micropollutants.     

水泥厂大气污染物健康风险评价初探

根据大气污染物的环境行为,沿着污染物排放-迁移转化-人体吸收这条途径,提出了以致残调整生命年为最终评价指标的大气污染物人体健康风险定量评价方法.对广东某水泥厂实例分析说明,水泥生产过程排放的各种大气污染物中,NOx的人体健康风险最大,占水泥生产过程所有大气污染物健康风险的43.9%,SO2的人体健康风险最小.     

Application of a system dynamics approach for assessment and mitigation of CO2 emissions from the cement industry

A system dynamics model based on the dynamic interactions among a number of system components is developed to estimate CO(2) emissions from the cement industry in India. The CO(2) emissions are projected to reach 396.89 million tonnes by the year 2020 if the existing cement making technological options are followed. Policy options of population growth stabilisation, energy conservation and structural management in cement manufacturing processes are incorporated for developing the CO(2) mitigation scenarios. A 42% reduction in the CO(2) emissions can be achieved in the year 2020 based on an integrated mitigation scenario. Indirect CO(2) emissions from the transport of raw materials to the cement plants and finished product to market are also estimated.     

四川省水泥工业大气污染物排放水平分析

通过调研2018年四川省37条水泥生产线活动水平数据,结合企业污染治理技术,分析该省水泥工业的主要大气污染物排放水平.结果表明:2018年四川省水泥行业SO2、NOx、PM2.5和PM10的排放量分别为1.2万t、5.5万t、3.9万t和6.5万t,其不确定性主要来自污染物的产生系数和去除效率.四川省水泥生产企业各工序...     

水泥粉尘的比电阻及其测量

水泥粉尘经粒径分级，得粒径相对集中之各级粉尘，分别测定比电阻，从而找出水泥粉尘粒径、温度与比电阻的规律，为改进和合理使用电除尘器提供依据     

粉煤灰用于配制高性能混凝土可行性的研究

研究了粉煤灰细度，颗粒形貌及掺量对水泥强度和混凝土强度及混凝土流变性能的影响。研究结果证明，掺入二、三电场的原状粉煤灰对混凝土的强度影响不大，但可以较为显著地改善新拌混凝土的流变性能。     

焚烧飞灰水泥窑煅烧资源化水洗预处理实验研究

以苏州某公司生活垃圾焚烧飞灰为对象,采用水洗和CO2曝气等方法,通过考察飞灰中Cl的去除率、水洗液的pH值和其中重金属的浓度的变化,对飞灰水泥窑煅烧资源化预处理中的工艺参数和处理效果进行了实验研究。结果表明:水灰比是影响氯盐洗脱效果的最主要因素,水洗比应控制在5:1到10:1左右,而CO2通气量是飞灰水洗上清液中重金属去除过程的主要影响因素,通气量在1.4~1.5 L(CO2)/L(HO2)左右可以有效降低上清液pH值及重金属浓度,使出水达到国家污水排放标准。     

水泥窑协同处理危险弃废物的应用

危险废物对生态环境和人类健康构成严重的危害。水泥窑协同处理危险废物能同时实现减量化、无害化以及资源化,是最有效的处理危险废物的方法。大连东泰产业废弃物处理有限公司利用水泥窑协同处理危险废物,实现废物处置与水泥生产的优化组合。