江苏太湖地区调水改善水环境研究

太湖流域是我国经济最发达的地区之一，也是水污染最严重的地区之一。江苏太湖地区面积占全省的1／5，2005年仅苏锡常三市的GDP就占全省的55．68％，但本地区水污染形势十分严峻。采用水环境治理的“活水”思想，在分析了江苏太湖流域水环境现状的基础上，对江苏太湖流域沿江口门引水调水的可行性作了探讨，并按流域调水、分区域调水及组合调水多种方案进行了论证，分析各种调水方案改善水环境的效果。研究表明：通过流域或区域调水可有效改善太湖流域江苏境内的水环境，其中湖西及阳澄淀泖引水、武澄锡排水这种组合方案对水环境的改善最佳。     

Marketing issues related to waste-grown aquatic foods

Environmental Management - Are societal wastes all bad? Some of them, including heat from power plants and certain organic wastes, have been demonstrated to be potentially valuable for growing...     

关于建立资源与环境快速反应系统的探讨

本文阐述了国家快速反应系统的概念及其作用。以建立资源与环境快速反应系统为例,说明建立系统的必要性、系统的内容、组成及技术指示。     

Modeling thermal analysis for predicting thermal hazards relevant to transportation safety and runaway reaction for 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile)

The pure decomposition behavior of 2,2′-azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) and its physical phase transformation were examined and discussed. The thermal decomposition of this self-reactive azo compound was explored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to elucidate the stages in the progress of this chemical reaction. DSC was used to predict the kinetic and process safety parameters, such as self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT), time to maximum reaction rate under adiabatic conditions (TMR_ad), and apparent activation energy (E_a), under isothermal and adiabatic conditions with thermal analysis models. Moreover, vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) was applied to examine the runaway reaction combined with simulation and experiments for thermal hazard assessment of AIBN. A thorough understanding of this reaction process can identify AIBN as a hazardous and vulnerable chemical during upset situations. The sublimation and melting of AIBN near its apparent onset decomposition temperature contributed to the initial steps of the reaction and explained the exothermic attributes of the peaks observed in the calorimetric investigation.     

The influence of ClO− and acidity in the reaction between H2O2 and CuCl2

The potentially explosive reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and copper chloride (CuCl₂) was investigated. Pressure tests revealed that the reaction was strongly temperature - dependent and can easily undergo runaway reaction. Nevertheless, there was only a slight pressure increase at the low temperatures studied or when using low concentrations of CuCl₂. Under the conditions generating the slight pressure increase, hypochlorite anions (ClO⁻) are generated and the acidity increases. As the reaction reaches completion, ClO⁻ disappears, and the acidity decreases. Interestingly, the addition of phosphate buffer to maintain the weakly acid conditions led to a runaway reaction, and the use of basic ClO⁻ promoted the exothermic reaction. Based on the results, acidity has a strong impact on the reaction behaviour.     

Thermal hazard accident investigation of hydrogen peroxide mixing with propanone employing calorimetric approaches

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), historically, due to its broad applications in the chemical industries, has caused many serious fires and explosions around the world. Its thermal hazards may also be incurred by an incompatible reaction with other chemicals, and a runaway reaction may be induced in the last stage. This study applied thermal analytical methods to explore the H₂O₂ leading to these accidents by incompatibility and to discuss what might be formed by the upset situations. Thermal hazard analysis contained a solvent, propanone (CH₃COCH₃, so-called acetone), which was deliberately selected to mix with H₂O₂ for investigating the degree of thermal hazard. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) were employed to evaluate the thermal hazard of H₂O₂. The results indicated that H₂O₂ is highly hazardous while mixed with propanone, as a potential contaminant. The time to maximum rate (TMR) was used as emergency response time in the chemical industries. Therefore, TMR of H₂O₂ was calculated to be 70 min for runaway reaction (after T₀) and TMR of H₂O₂/propanone was discovered to be 27 min only. Fire and explosion hazards could be successfully lessened if the safety-related data are properly imbedded into manufacturing processes.     

救生舱高温环境的传热研究

为提高救生舱热防护能力,延长救援时间,在空载状态下救生舱热载荷研究的基础上,提出救援状态下救生舱外部传热热负荷的量化方法。已知救援状态下救生舱内、外温度随时间变化曲线,拟合温度函数。依据温度变化特点划分区间,积分求取各区间上温度平均值,计算温差,由传热方程计算救援状态下救生舱的热载荷。以某型号救生舱载人综合防护试验为例,根据模拟灾变环境的温度变化特点,运用该方法计算最高温度与常态温度下外部高温空气向舱体及其内部空间传热的热载荷,得到救生舱的总热负荷,外部传热最大传热功率及救生舱热载荷负荷范围。     

火灾下匀质防火保护钢构件温度计算(Ⅰ):理论与公式

介绍了火灾下有匀质防火层保护的钢构件温度计算的一维传热模型。给出了求解该模型的相关边界条件和假定,并给出求解该一维传热模型在不同边界条件下的解。通过分析三种典型防火材料保护下、截面系数不同的三种截面的升温,比较了由我国规范CECS200、欧洲规范、欧钢协标准、美国规范及其他学者推荐的方法得到的结果,并对照有限元结果,考察了不同计算方法的有效性。结果表明,CECS200与国外规范给出的结果符合良好且略微偏高。通过计算典型截面在不同耐火极限要求下的最小保护层厚度,比较了各国规范的设计结果。结果显示,由不同规范推荐的公式计算得到的最小保护层厚度相差不大。CECS200计算的最小保护层厚度与国外规范一致,与欧洲规范得到的结果基本相同。研究表明,在标准火灾环境中我国规范给出的方法合理有效且形式简单便于工程运用。     

Study of the performance of a coolant mixed with an Al2O3/SiC nanomaterial in an engine radiator

One of the important components of a car to control the temperature of a car's engine is the radiator. To increase the heat absorption capacity of the coolant/fluid used in the radiator with minimum pumping power, innovative fluids called nanofluids have become the main area of research these days. Therefore, with the development of new technologies in the field of “nano-materials” and “nano-fluids,” the physical and chemical properties of coolant/fluid can be improved which in turn improves the radiator and engine efficiency, and reduces radiator weight and size. In this article, the heat transfer by forced convection in nanofluids based on Al₂O₃ and SiC was studied experimentally and compared to that of base fluid in an automotive radiator. The nanofluid is mixed with ethylene glycol and the fluid is prepared by the sonication method. The nanofluids were prepared by varying the nanomaterials and the amounts of nanomaterials in the base fluid and their heat transfer performance in the radiator was analyzed using ANSYS FLUENT software. Approximately 15% and 12% increase in radiator efficiency by using Al₂O₃ mixed nanofluid and SiC mixed nanofluid, respectively.