BASE FLOW TRENDS IN URBANIZING WATERSHEDS OF THE DELAWARE RIVER BASIN1

Rapid land development is raising concern regarding the ability of urbanizing watersheds to sustain adequate base flow during periods of drought. Long term streamflow records from unregulated watersheds of the lower to middle Delaware River basin are examined to evaluate the impact of urbanization and imperviousness on base flow. Trends in annual base flow volumes, seven‐day low flows, and runoff ratios are determined for six urbanizing watersheds and four reference watersheds across three distinct physiographic regions. Hydrograph separation is used to determine annual base flow and stormflow volumes, and nonparametric trend tests are conducted on the resulting time series. Of the watersheds examined, the expected effects of declining base flow volumes and seven‐day low flows and increasing stormflows are seen in only one watershed that is approximately 20 percent impervious and has been subject to a net water export over the past 15 years. Both interbasin transfers and hydrologic mechanisms are invoked to explain these results. The results show that increases in impervious area may not result in measurable reductions in base flow at the watershed scale.     

Evaluation of thermal reaction for two azo compounds by using 20-L apparatus and calorimetry

Azo compounds are widely involved in the industrial processes of dyes, pigments, initiators, and blowing agents. Unfortunately, these compounds have a bivalent unstable –NN– composition, which can be readily broken when the ambient temperature is elevated. Self-accelerating decomposition might cause a runaway reaction and lead to a fire, explosion, or leakage when the cooling system fails or other events occur. This study investigated the explosion properties, thermal stability parameters, and thermal hazard and mechanism of 2,2′–azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and 2,2′–azobis–2–methylbutyronitrile (AMBN). We used a 20-L apparatus, vent sizing package 2, synchronous thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry under explosive, adiabatic, and dynamic conditions to acquire the explosive curves, thermal curves, and thermodynamic parameters of the substances. Moreover, the differential isoconversional method (Friedman method) and ASTM E698 equation were employed to obtain the apparent activation energy E_a. All the experimental results revealed that AIBN is more dangerous than AMBN. The E_a of AIBN was lower than that of AMBN. The results can be used to construct an azo compound thermal hazard database for use for searches and reference examples by industry and related research areas.     

Development of heat transfer and evaporation model of LNG covered by Hi-Ex foam

Natural gas is a kind of clean, efficient green energy source, which is used widely. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is produced by cooling natural gas to −161 °C, at which it becomes the liquid. Once LNG was released, fire or explosion would happen when ignition source existed nearby. The high expansion foam (Hi-Ex foam) is believed to quickly blanket on the top of LNG spillage pool and warm the LNG vapor to lower the vapor cloud density at the ground level and raising vapor buoyancy. To identify the physical structure after it contacted with LN₂ and to develop heat transfer model, the small-scale field test with liquid nitrogen (LN₂) was designed. In experiment, three layers including frozen ice layer, frozen Hi-Ex layer and soft layer of Hi-Ex foam were observed at the steady state. By characterizing physical structure of the foam, formulas for calculating the surface of single foam bubble and counting foam film thickness were deduced. The micro heat transfer and evaporation model between cryogenic liquid and Hi-Ex foam was established. Indicating the physical structure of the frozen ice layer, there were a certain number of icicles below it. The heat transfer and evaporation mathematical model between the frozen ice layer and LNG was derived. Combining models above with the heat transfer between LNG, ground and cofferdam, the heat transfer and evaporation mathematical model of LNG covered by Hi-Ex foam was developed eventually. Finally, LN₂ evaporation rate calculated by this model was compared with the measured evaporation rate. The calculated results are 1.2–2.1 times of experimental results, which were acceptable in engineering and proved the model was reliable.     

308 nm光作用下α-Fe2O3表面HNO3的光解

采用紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及离子色谱(IC)技术对HNO3在α-Fe2O3表面暗反应和308nm下光解反应进行了研究.考察了时间、HNO3浓度、相对湿度(RH)等条件对反应的影响.结果表明,随着HNO3浓度、光照时间的增加,HNO3在气相与α-Fe2O3表面光解产物浓度均呈指数增加;HNO3在α-Fe2O3表面光解产生的NO2、NO分别为气相产生的3.27及3.87倍,而无论气相还是表面光解的NO2浓度均约为NO的2倍.随着RH的增加,HNO3光解产生的HONO的浓度随之呈指数增大,其产率从RH 20%时的0.023增加到90%时的0.087.α-Fe2O3的表面效应在HNO3的表面光解反应中起主导作用.     

固体云爆剂热分解性能研究

目的研究固体云爆剂的热分解特性。方法利用差示扫描量热(DSC)和热重分析(TG)测定该固体云爆剂的热分解过程。分别得到固体云爆剂在不同温度下的DSC和TG曲线,以及同一温度下云爆剂不同组分的DSC和TG曲线。结合线性回归分析的方法,利用Ozawa法、Starink法以及Kissinger法计算了反应活化能。结果其表观活化能为208 k J/mol左右。结论该固体云爆剂的热分解是一个连续的过程,具有良好的安定性。     

工业园区综合难降解废水深度处理实验研究

某工业园区综合废水处理厂设计规模5.0×104m3/d,原设计出水执行《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准,需将出水标准提高到一级A排放标准.分别采用混凝沉淀法和高级氧化法深度处理二级生化出水.小试试验结果表明:二级生化出水CODcr在62~75 mg/L左右,PAC、Al2(SO4)3及PFS三种絮凝沉淀药剂处理出水CODcr去除效果均不明显,不能稳定达到一级A排放标准.芬顿催化氧化的pH=5,FeSO4+H2O2投加量为(200+100)mg/L;臭氧氧化的O3投加量33 mg/L,其出水CODcr均能达到一级A排放标准.     

金属尖化前缘模型主动式热疏导性能试验研究

目的为了更好地解决高超声速飞行器舵、翼前缘及头锥等气动热环境恶劣区域的热防护问题。方法采用主动式热疏导技术,以高温液态合金为工质,设计并制作具有主动式热疏导功能的尖化前缘金属试验模型(R=5 mm)。根据模型外尺寸设计加工一套石英灯仿形加热器和热流测试模型,开展地面热环境模拟试验。结果试件在前缘中心温度530℃左右时具有瞬态启动特性。前缘中心和大面积中心最大辐射热流密度分别为1000 kw/m^2和580 kw/m^2,试件在该环境中长时间受热状态下仍具有较好的热疏导能力。试验后试件无工质泄漏和结构破坏,具有一定的可重复使用性。结论可以此热疏导方式结合现有成熟热防护技术进一步开展工程设计与应用。     

极低风速条件下水-气界面甲烷气体传输速率分析

薄边界层理论被广为用来计算水-气界面气体通量,而气体传输速率(k600)则是其中的关键性环境因子.为了研究极低风速下小型浅水湿地水-气界面甲烷气体传输速率,以宜昌饮用水水库梅子垭水库和周邻5个富营养化池塘为研究对象,采用静态通量箱进行了为期一年的水-气界面甲烷气体通量观测,同步监测了水环境因子和气象因子.野外监测时的风速(U10)范围为0~0.75 m·s~(-1),平均值约为0.19 m·s~(-1);水温(Tw)变化范围为6.3~30.9℃,平均值约为19.3℃.结果表明,梅子垭水库和周边5个池塘水-气界面甲烷气体传输速率较小,在0.20~1.99 cm·h~(-1)之间变化,平均值约为0.50 cm·h~(-1).本研究利用表层水温和风速指标两个参数的双二次项模型和二次项加幂函数模型,回归得到了气体传输速率的数学公式,回归结果与原始数据和对k600进行深度平均(bin-averaged)后的数据均存在极显著性关系.     

水溶液中臭氧和溴离子的反应研究

为探明O3氧化Br-的反应机制,采用离子色谱、PDA紫外-可见光度仪研究了水中Br-被O3氧化的反应过程.离子色谱分析表明,被氧化的Br-中只有约10%被O3氧化成BrO3-.进一步研究表明,除了生成BrO3-外,Br-被O3氧化过程中还产生了Br2,Br2又与溶液中存在的Br-结合形成Br3-,并首次得到了Br3-的吸收光谱,测得Br3-的最大吸收峰λmax为260 nm,提出了Br-与O3的基元反应.该研究补充和完善了O3氧化Br-的反应机制,也为O3处理含Br-水时Br-的归趋提供了有益信息.     

土壤重金属钝化修复剂生物炭对镉的吸附特性研究

目前以生物炭为代表的生物质对重金属的吸附表现出良好的应用前景.为确定生物炭对溶液中镉的吸附性能,选用由棉花秸秆制备的生物炭,研究吸附等温线、吸附动力学以及温度、pH和离子强度等对生物炭吸附Cd2+的影响.研究表明,生物炭对Cd2+的吸附可以用Freundlich等温线较好地拟合,在不同温度下其饱和吸附量分别为9.738 mg.g-1(288.15 K)、10.14 mg.g-1(298.15 K)、10.40 mg.g-1(308.15 K)和10.71 mg.g-1(318.15 K),热力学参数表明生物炭吸附Cd2+的过程是自发的吸热过程;吸附动力学过程符合二级动力学模型,在40 min即可达到平衡;pH对生物炭吸附Cd2+的影响较大,在pH2～8范围时,生物炭对Cd2+的吸附量随pH的增加先上升后下降;生物炭对Cd2+的吸附量随着溶液离子强度的增大呈降低趋势.该项研究可为生物炭在土壤重金属污染修复中的应用提供一定的理论基础.