节球藻毒素的紫外光降解研究

为优化节球藻毒素(NOD)光解处理的最佳光源及反应条件,利用自制光反应装置研究了NOD在暗反应、可见光、暗反应+TiO_2、可见光+TiO_2及单独紫外光(UVA、UVB、UVC)处理下的去除效果,继而选择UVC作为最佳光源进行后续实验,探讨NOD初始浓度、温度、p H和光强对NOD去除效果的影响及反应动力学.结果表明:暗反应、可见光、可见光+TiO_2的组合、UVA和UVB均对NOD无显著去除作用,最高去除率约为20%;UVC处理可以快速去除水中NOD,其去除过程符合二级动力学.UVC处理时,pH对NOD的去除无显著影响;温度升高,NOD去除率缓慢增大,但组间差异并不显著;初始浓度越大,NOD去除率越低;光强增大,NOD去除率快速升高,但到达一定临界值后保持稳定状态.3种因素对UVC去除NOD的影响程度由大到小分别为:光强时间温度.光强318μW·cm~(-2)、p H=7、温度30℃、反应时间4 h为最佳处理条件,此时NOD去除率最高,初始浓度为0.1μg·m L~(-1)的NOD几乎被完全去除,残留浓度低于WHO及我国规定的藻毒素含量限值.研究表明,UVC光解NOD安全高效,是一种非常理想的NOD去除方法.     

The reaction times of drivers aged 20 to 80 during a divided attention driving

Objective: Many studies addressing age-related changes in driving performance focus on comparing young vs. older drivers, which might lead to the biased conclusion that driving performance decreases only after the age of 65. The main aim of the study was to show that changes in driving performance are progressive throughout the adult years.

Methods: A sample of 351 drivers aged 20 to 80 was assessed for their reaction times while driving between road cones. The drivers were exposed to 2 conditions varying according to task complexity. In single task conditions, the drivers performed a full stopping maneuver at a given signal; in dual task conditions, the drivers were distracted before the signal for stopping maneuver was triggered. Reaction times were compared across conditions and age groups.

Results: The results showed that both reaction times and variability of driving performance increased progressively between the ages of 20 and 80. The increase in both reaction times and variability was greater in the complex task condition. The high-performing quarter of elderly drivers performed equally well or better than younger drivers did.

Conclusions: The data clearly supported the claim that driving performance changes steadily across age groups: both mean reaction time and interindividual variability progressively increase with age. In addition, a significant group of older drivers was identified who did not show the expected age-related decrease in performance. The findings have important implications, suggesting that in relation to driving, aging is a progressive phenomenon and may lead to variety of driving performance; age-related studies of driving performance should put more emphasis on investigating changes across the whole driver age range rather than only comparing younger and older drivers.     

Slow eyelid closure as a measure of driver drowsiness and its relationship to performance

Objective: Slow eyelid closure is recognized as an indicator of sleepiness in sleep-deprived individuals, although automated ocular devices are not well validated. This study aimed to determine whether changes in eyelid closure are evident following acute sleep deprivation as assessed by an automated device and how ocular parameters relate to performance after sleep deprivation.

Methods: Twelve healthy professional drivers (45.58 ± 10.93 years) completed 2 randomized sessions: After a normal night of sleep and after 24 h of total sleep deprivation. Slow eye closure (PERCLOS) was measured while drivers performed a simulated driving task.

Results: Following sleep deprivation, drivers displayed significantly more eyelid closure (P < .05), greater variation in lane position (P < .01) and more attentional lapses (P < .05) compared to after normal sleep. PERCLOS was moderately associated with variability in both vigilance performance (r = 0.68, P < .05) and variation in lane position on the driving task (r = 0.61, P < .05).

Conclusions: Automated ocular measurement appears to be an effective means of detecting impairment due to sleep loss in the laboratory.     

中国风机制造技术转移模式与技术进步效果评价

根据技术转移过程中技术受方的性质,将中国风机制造技术转移分为"外商独资企业"、"中外合资企业"和"中资企业"三种模式.通过技术转移的层次、技术先进程度、技术转移的规模、技术转移的速度,对三种模式下技术转移的效果进行了评价.研究发现,通过技术转移,中国风机制造技术有了迅速的发展,但落后于国际先进水平的情况仍没有改变.中资企业的技术转移模式在转移技术的层次、技术转移规模和技术转移速度上,都要优于外商独资企业和中外合资企业模式,对中国风机制造技术进步的作用更大.在此基础上,本文提出,在中资企业模式下,在引进技术的同时,积极消化吸收,并重视与外国企业开展联合研发,才能最终获得创新能力.这也应当成为中国政府激励政策作用的重点.     

金属氧化物颗粒/水界面上NOM吸附机制的研究

以腐殖酸作为天然有机物(NOM)的代表,研究了腐殖酸分子在金属氧化物(赤铁矿)颗粒/水界面上的吸附特征,分析了pH值和离子强度对界面吸附配位反应的影响,及它们对赤铁矿颗粒表面吸附密度和团聚体粒径的影响.结果表明,吸附密度随pH值的升高而减少,随离子强度的升高而增大;颗粒团聚体粒径随pH值的升高先增大后减小,随离子强度的升高而增大.pH=4时吸附密度最大,为6.22 mg/m2,但此时团聚体粒径最小;pH=5时吸附密度较小,但团聚体粒径较大;pH=8为配位反应等电点,吸附密度和团聚体粒径均较小;pH=10吸附密度最小,为0.50 mg/m2,团聚体粒径也较小.应用SS/SF混合模型初步分析了赤铁矿颗粒/水界面上腐殖酸分子的吸附构型.当pH值较低时,构型多为链状和环状;当pH值较高时,构型多为扫尾状.离子强度越高,链状和扫尾状构型越多;离子强度越低,环状构型越多.     

哈大齐工业走廊承接产业转移水环境风险评价

为了分析承接产业转移对水环境的影响,以哈大齐工业走廊为研究对象,在分析风险源、胁迫因子、生境、评价终点之间相互作用关系的基础上构建承接产业转移的水环境相对风险评价模型,并将研究区按照行政界线划分为3个风险评价单元,选取哈大齐地区重点承接的污染产业为风险源,选择水域作为风险受体,农田、林地、草地3种生境作为传播胁迫因子的媒介或载体,水质、水量、水生态为评价终点,对哈大齐承接产业转移水环境风险进行了定量评价.结果表明,哈尔滨市为最高风险区,其次是大庆市、齐齐哈尔市,相对风险分别为146.40、110.70和41.16.不同风险小区的最主要风险源不同,哈大齐3个城市主要风险源分别为医药制造业、化学原料与化学制品制造业及食品制造业.相反,各风险小区的主要胁迫因子大致相同,主要有需氧有机污染物、营养物质、生境破坏等.     

三峡水库水环境中内分泌干扰物TBT的多介质迁移和归趋模拟

运用环境多介质QWASI等量浓度模型模拟了三峡水库水环境中内分泌干扰物TBT在各环境介质中的浓度分布及迁移归趋,同时讨论了三峡水库运行方式对库区水环境中TBT环境行为的影响.结果表明,QWASI模型能够较为合理地给出各个物理化学过程的速率参数,可对TBT在三峡水库这种超大型河道型水库中跨介质间的迁移传输、各环境相分布等作出定性和定量的模拟估计,模型输出结果与实测结果较为吻合.研究表明,三峡水库的运行方式对TBT在库区水环境中沉积物和水相间的迁移转化有重要影响.     

常温下铁的硫化产物自燃性

含硫油品储运过程中H2S腐蚀产物是常温下硫铁化合物的主要来源,以H2S与铁粉反应制备的硫铁化合物来模拟设备内H2S的腐蚀产物,利用自然氧化的方法测定了硫化反应产物的一次氧化升温和二次氧化升温,考察了铁粉含水量对硫化反应及硫化反应产物自燃性的影响,采用XRD和SEM手段对硫化反应产物进行了表征。结果表明:H2S与铁粉的硫化反应产物为FeS,呈微小颗粒状,覆盖在铁粉表面;硫化反应产物具有自燃性,一次氧化升温最高达到87℃;未被完全氧化的硫化反应产物密封放置一段时间后自燃性明显增加,其二次氧化升温速率最高超过39℃/min;铁粉中含有适量的水可以增加硫化反应速率,提高硫化反应产物的自燃性。     

石墨烯掺杂分子筛负载氧化铁芬顿催化降解苯酚影响因素的研究

通过水热晶化法制备了石墨烯掺杂介孔分子筛MCM-41复合载体,利用该载体浸渍负载氧化铁制备了非均相芬顿催化剂gh-MCM-41-Fe.以苯酚为模拟有机废水,考察了催化剂和H2O2投加量、水质因素(苯酚初始浓度、反应温度和水中腐殖酸和草酸)等对gh-MCM-41-Fe芬顿催化降解苯酚效能的影响.结果表明,当苯酚初始浓度为100 mg·L-1,催化剂在60 min催化降解苯酚去除率高达97.6%,COD去除率为65.9%,反应符合准一级反应动力学模型;苯酚降解速率随着催化剂和H2O2投加量的增加而增加,但投加过多会消耗·OH自由基从而不利苯酚降解过程;苯酚初始浓度从10 mg·L-1增至100 mg·L-1,苯酚降解速率相应降低,但体系中H2O2及·OH自由基的有效利用率反而增加;反应温度对于苯酚废水降解率和COD去除率影响不大,反应表观频率因子为105.68 min-1,表观活化能为18.43 k J·mol-1;腐殖酸和草酸对苯酚废水降解和COD去除均有抑制作用.     

Experimental investigation on oxidation of sulfurized rust in oil tank

Oxidation of sulfurized rust in oil tank is complicated, and it is influenced by numerous factors such as water content, air humidity, operating temperature etc. The paper focuses on the oxidation process of sulfurized rust in the wild. Firstly, samples collected from a petrochemical company were put into the sulfurization & oxidation experimental apparatus to gain wet and dry sulfurized rusts. Their chemical compositions and phase were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS) -scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. The results showed that both wet and dry sulfurized rusts had S, Fe₂O₃, Fe₃S₄ and FeS₂, whereas FeS only existed in wet sulfurized rust. The two kinds of rusts gave a short length of side, diamond appearance and a large pore size in structure. Then oxidation of wet sulfurized rust was investigated, which included electrochemical reaction stage, electrochemical & chemical reaction coexisting stage and chemical reaction stage. The final oxidation product of wet sulfurized was determined to be Fe₂O₃. On the basis of this study, an indicator for monitoring and early-warning was proposed to prevent plants in vicinity of the accidental vessel or tank from fire and explosion.