α-Fe2O3/AC催化剂的制备及光Fenton反应降解双酚A

采用温和的无模板溶液反应合成了α-Fe₂O₃/AC复合催化剂,作为光Fenton降解双酚A反应的催化剂。通过XRD、SEM、FTIR、DRS、BET、XPS等方法对催化剂的形貌和理化特性进行了分析。结果表明：该催化剂晶型良好,为介孔材料,能够有效吸收和利用紫外光和可见光;该催化剂具有较高的催化活性,稳定性良好;在初始双酚A质量浓度为30 mg/L、溶液pH为4、H₂O₂加入量为320 mg/L、反应温度为40 ℃、催化剂加入量为1.33 g/L的条件下,双酚A降解率可达91.4%。     

转盘式光催化燃料电池处理染料废水

采用阳极氧化法制备转盘式TiO_2阳极,设计并开发了转盘式光催化燃料电池(PFC),探讨了圆盘转速对PFC中染料降解效果的影响。实验结果表明:随着圆盘转速的提高,污染物和光电界面反应产物的传质作用得以强化,罗丹明B降解率提高;在圆盘转速为1 600 r/min、反应时间为60 min的条件下,罗丹明B降解率达90.8%,是圆盘转速为0 r/min时的8.5倍;光电流也随着圆盘转速的提高而提高,但提高幅度远小于罗丹明B降解率的提高幅度;同时,加强传质作用后再外加电压对PFC催化降解性能的提高作用有限。     

Dual-reaction-center catalytic process continues Fenton’s story

• Dual-reaction-center (DRC) system breaks through bottleneck of Fenton reaction. • Utilization of intrinsic electrons of pollutants is realized in DRC system. • DRC catalytic process well continues Fenton’s story. Triggered by global water quality safety issues, the research on wastewater treatment and water purification technology has been greatly developed in recent years. The Fenton technology is particularly powerful due to the rapid attack on pollutants by the generated hydroxyl radicals (•OH). However, both heterogeneous and homogeneous Fenton/Fenton-like technologies follow the classical reaction mechanism, which depends on the oxidation and reduction of the transition metal ions at single sites. So even after a century of development, this reaction still suffers from its inherent bottlenecks in practical application. In recent years, our group has been focusing on studying a novel heterogeneous Fenton catalytic process, and we developed the dual-reaction-center (DRC) system for the first time. In the DRC system, H₂O₂ and O₂ can be efficiently reduced to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in electron-rich centers, while pollutants are captured and oxidized by the electron-deficient centers. The obtained electrons from pollutants are diverted to the electron-rich centers through bonding bridges. This process breaks through the classic Fenton mechanism, and improves the performance and efficiency of pollutant removal in a wide pH range. Here, we provide a brief overview of Fenton’s story and focus on combing the discovery and development of the DRC technology and mechanism in recent years. The construction of the DRC and its performance in the pollutant degradation and interfacial reaction process are described in detail. We look forward to bringing a new perspective to continue Fenton’s story through research and development of DRC technology.     

Effect of flame propagation regime on pressure evolution of nano and micron PMMA dust explosions

Experiments using an open space dust explosion apparatus and a standard 20 L explosion apparatus on nano and micron polymethyl methacrylate dust explosions were conducted to reveal the differences in flame and pressure evolutions. Then the effect of combustion and flame propagation regimes on the explosion overpressure characteristics was discussed. The results showed that the flame propagation behavior, flame temperature distribution and ion current distribution all demonstrated the different flame structures for nano and micron dust explosions. The combustion and flame propagation of 100 nm and 30 μm PMMA dust clouds were mainly controlled by the heat transfer efficiency between the particles and external heat sources. Compared with the cluster diffusion dominant combustion of 30 μm dust flame, the premixed-gas dominant combustion of 100 nm dust flame determined a quicker pyrolysis and combustion reaction rate, a faster flame propagation velocity, a stronger combustion reaction intensity, a quicker heat release rate and a higher amount of released reaction heat, which resulted in an earlier pressure rise, a larger maximum overpressure and a higher explosion hazard class. The complex combustion and propagation regime of agglomerated particles strongly influenced the nano flame propagation and explosion pressure evolution characteristics, and limited the maximum overpressure.     

多元可燃性气体爆炸压力与中间产物发射光谱特性的耦合研究

工业生产中爆炸事故往往是由多元可燃气体与空气混合后遇到明火而引起的,为研究乙烷（C₂H₆）、乙烯（C₂H₄）、一氧化碳（CO）、氢气（H₂）对甲烷爆炸特性的影响,选取多组分可燃气体甲烷爆炸压力特性和自由基发射光谱的影响进行研究,利用陕西省工业过程安全与应急救援工程技术研究中心重点实验室搭建的多功能球形气体/粉尘爆炸实验装置和单色仪进行爆炸实验测试,同步采集时间—压力曲线、中间产物（OH,CH₂O）的发射光谱信号,考察多组分可燃气体浓度对甲烷爆炸压力特性和中间产物的影响。结果表明:在富氧状态下,多组分可燃气体加剧了甲烷—空气混合体系的爆炸剧烈程度,随着体系中氧气含量的减少、由富氧状态变为贫氧状态、促进作用逐渐减弱转变为阻尼作用,爆炸压力特性与中间产物发射光谱参数的影响规律基本保持一致,均呈高度正相关;多元混合体系爆炸剧烈程度越大,自由基发射光谱达到峰值的速度越快,自由基更早、更快的积累是加剧爆炸程度的原因之一。     

初始氧化温度对浸水长焰煤二次氧化特性的影响机制

为揭示不同初始氧化温度下浸水长焰煤的氧化自燃特性,利用红外光谱和热分析实验手段以及MS数值模拟方法研究其氧化自燃规律,并采用线性拟合的方法阐述自由基变化特性。结合分子键能的变化,分析浸水条件下二次氧化的煤氧链式反应过程。研究结果表明:经过120 ℃预氧化后,浸水风干长焰煤的还原性官能团甲基、亚甲基、羟基均高于原煤,而羰基、羧基低于原煤;与原煤相比,浸水风干后的煤预氧化温度在120 ℃时最大升温速率最高（0.036 9 ℃/s）,表现出更强的自燃倾向性;MS模拟优化得出煤中各官能团在预氧化120 ℃时键能变化较大,结合热分析实验,确立预氧化后浸水风干煤体氧化自燃特性机制。     

Evaluation of thermal properties and process hazard of three ionic liquids through thermodynamic calculations and equilibrium methods

Industrial and new energy applications of ionic liquids (ILs) may have to be used at high temperatures conditions, such as in batteries and fuel applications, which may cause thermal hazards. However, there are few studies on the thermal hazards of ILs. To ensure the thermal safety of ILs processes, three commonly used ILs were selected for analysis: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([Bmim]NO₃), 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium nitrate ([Bmmim]NO₃), and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium nitrate ([Mmim]NO₃). The process hazards under adiabatic conditions demonstrated that [Bmmim]NO₃ and [Mmim]NO₃ have extensive explosion hazards. The self-reaction characteristics determined by the isothermal test indicated that the ILs are nth reactions, and the thermal decomposition features were also determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The data were obtained with a nonlinear thermodynamic model and used to establish the basic thermal hazards of the three ILs. In addition, based on the thermal equilibrium theory, the critical safety parameters can be inferred. The effects of heat transfer in 25.0 g and 50.0 g containers were discussed. The results show that [Mmim]NO₃ will produce a thermal runaway reaction at a lower temperature (<100 °C) and has the shortest reaction time (<1 day), which means [Mmim]NO₃ is considered to be the most hazardous material among the three ILs studied.     

Differences in U root-to-shoot translocation between plant species explained by U distribution in roots

Accumulation and distribution of uranium in roots and shoots of four plants species differing in their cation exchange capacity of roots (CECR) was investigated. After exposure in hydroponics for seven days to 100 μmol U L⁻¹, distribution of uranium in roots was investigated through chemical extraction of roots. Higher U concentrations were measured in roots of dicots which showed a higher CECR than monocot species. Chemical extractions indicated that uranium is mostly located in the apoplasm of roots of monocots but that it is predominantly located in the symplasm of roots of dicots. Translocation of U to shoot was not significantly affected by the CECR or distribution of U between symplasm and apoplasm. Distribution of uranium in roots was investigated through chemical extraction of roots for all species. Additionally, longitudinal and radial distribution of U in roots of maize and Indian mustard, respectively showing the lowest and the highest translocation, was studied following X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of specific root sections. Chemical analysis and XRF analysis of roots of maize and Indian mustard clearly indicated a higher longitudinal and radial transport of uranium in roots of Indian mustard than in roots of maize, where uranium mostly accumulated in root tips. These results showed that even if CECR could partly explain U accumulation in roots, other mechanisms like radial and longitudinal transport are implied in the translocation of U to the shoot.     

中国能源效率与其影响因素的动态关系研究

本文利用1978-2006年样本数据,首先通过状态空间模型分析了经济结构、技术进步、能源消费结构和能源价格对能源效率的单向动态变化过程及成因;接着使用向量误差修正模型估算出能源效率与其影响因素之间的长期均衡和短期波动关系;在此基础上利用脉冲响应函数和方差分解模型就我国能源效率与其影响因素之间的动态关系作进一步分析。结果表明:改革开放以来我国能源效率与其影响因素之间存在长期均衡关系,经济体制改革和一些相关政策对能源效率有着深远的影响。从长期均衡关系来看,技术进步对能源效率的正面影响最大,能源价格和一些不可观测变量对能源效率有着促进作用,而经济结构和能源消费结构未能对能源效率起推动作用。从各因素对能源效率的贡献百分比来看,能源价格对能源效率的贡献最大,然后依次是经济结构、能源消费结构和技术进步。     

我国社会保险关系转移和接续问题研究

劳动力要素的自由流动对我国市场经济体制的完善无疑有着极其重要的作用。比如可以提高要素的配置效率、加快城市化建设等作用。在现实中,我国劳动力要素的自由流动不但受到除户籍制度、劳动关系等客观社会基本关系的制约,还受到社会保险关系的制约,各地频繁出现的"退保"等现象,就说明社会保险关系转移和接续难。劳动力在不同地区很难实现自由流动,势必产生了不良的后果.直接损害了劳动者的权益,也影响了社会保险制度的完善。不完善的社会保险制度更加加剧社会的不公平,在构建和谐社会的今天,社会保险关系的顺利衔接无疑更有紧迫性和必要性。本文在了解我国目前劳动力的社会保险关系转移的现状的基础上,运用制度经济学和管理学的相关理论,较为深入地分析了社会保险关系正常流动难的原因,如统筹层次低、转轨成本的未完全消化等原因,并提出了相应的对策、建议。