城市浅埋隧道工程爆破震动效应与安全评价

结合深圳地铁试验段2201标浅埋隧道爆破施工实际,进行了地表质点震动监测,提出了应在保证施工安全和不影响地表建(构)筑物安全的前提下,充分发挥爆破的经济和技术优势,并以<爆破安全规范>为基础通过现场爆破试验测定结果,确定合理的爆破安全判据的思路.     

Ammonia stomatal compensation point of young oilseed rape leaves during dark/light cycles under various nitrogen nutritions

The plant can be a source or a sink of ammonia (NH₃) depending on its nitrogen (N) supply, metabolism and on the background atmospheric concentrations. Thus plants play a major role in regulating atmospheric NH₃ concentrations. For a better understanding of the factors influencing the NH₃ stomatal compensation point, it is important to analyse the dynamics of leaf NH₃ fluxes. The relationship between the leaf NH₃ fluxes and the leaf apoplast ammonium and nitrate concentrations, N nutrition and the light and dark periods was studied here.We designed an experiment to quantitatively assess leaf-atmosphere NH₃ exchange and the stomatal compensation point and to identify the main factors affecting the variation of NH₃ fluxes in oilseed rape. We tested day and night dynamics as well as the effect of five different N treatments. Two experimental methods were used: a dynamic open flux chamber and extraction of the apoplastic solution.Chamber measurements showed that there was a good correlation between plant NH₃ fluxes and water fluxes. Compensation points were calculated by two different methods and ranged between 0.8 and 12.2 μg m⁻³ NH₃ (at 20 °C) for the different N treatments. Apoplastic solution measurements showed that there was no significant differences in the apoplastic NH₄⁺ concentrations ([NH₄⁺]_apo) extracted in dark and light periods for the same N treatment. Statistical analysis also showed that [NH₄⁺]_apo was correlated with [NH₄⁺] in the nutrient solution and weakly correlated with [NO₃⁻]. Apoplast NH₄⁺ concentrations ranged between 0.1 and 2.1 mM, bulk tissue NH₄⁺ concentrations between 3.9 and 6.6 mM and xylem concentrations between 2.4 and 6.1 mM depending on the N supply.Calculated NH₃ emission potential from the extraction measurements were over-estimated when compared with the value calculated from chamber measurements. Errors related to chamber measurements included separation of the cuticular and stomatal fluxes and the calculation of total resistance to NH₃ exchange. Errors related to the extraction measurements included assessing the amount of cytoplasmic contamination. We do not have another method to assess the NH₃ stomatal compensation point and the choice between these two measurement techniques should depend on the scales to which the measurements apply and the processes to be studied.     

基于层次分析法的矿山爆破飞石伤人事故风险分析

本文通过对矿山爆破中飞石伤人事故进行系统的分析,找出了飞石伤人的致因,建立了爆破飞石伤人事故的故障树模型,同时运用层次分析法对该模型进行了风险分析和演算,得出了影响爆破飞石伤人事故的主要因素,并提出了控制这些因素的有效措施。     

相转移法环氧氯丙烷装置蒸馏釜燃爆事故分析

针对相转移法环氧氯丙烷装置蒸馏釜燃爆事故,采用故障树分析方法,以蒸馏釜燃爆作为顶上事件进行分析。在进行故障树最小割集分析与基本事件重要度分析的基础上,根据3种不同燃爆事故类型分别提出了相应的蒸馏釜燃爆事故预防措施。     

煤层液态CO_2爆破增透促抽瓦斯技术研究

为增加煤层透气性,提高瓦斯(甲烷)抽采效率,基于损伤力学和空气动力学,研究液态CO2爆破的原理,分析爆破过程中爆破器主管内高压气体的压力时程变化。采用FLAC3D数值软件,建立煤层液态CO2爆破有限差分本构模型,计算不同地应力下单孔爆破有效影响半径,数值模拟多孔连续爆破。模拟结果表明,单孔爆破有效影响半径随着地应力的增加近线性减小;有控制孔时多孔爆破影响范围明显大于无控制孔时。在井下进行液态CO2爆破工业试验。其结果是,爆破后煤层透气性系数提高17.49~22.76倍,平均瓦斯抽采浓度和混合气体流量分别增加56.4%和42.8%。     

煤矿超深孔大药量爆破震动安全性研究

为控制煤矿井下超深孔大药量爆破震动对巷道及支护结构造成危害,通过现场爆破震动监测分析,获得了煤矿井下综采遇硬岩超深孔大药量松动爆破地震波的衰减规律.采用HHT方法对震动信号进行分解,研究信号的频谱特性和能量分布.结果表明,超深孔松动爆破震动的持续时间为150 ms左右,震动速度三方向分量中测点与爆源连线的径向分量最大,能量主要集中在100 Hz以内的低频区,随频率分布可分成若干个“子频带”,峰值出现在频率17.75 Hz,存在爆破震动对支护结构和工作面造成危害的可能.根据衰减规律,反算出该场地超深孔爆破的单段最大药量;分析了爆破时出现巷帮岩石崩落和飞石的原因,提出施工时应控制单段最大药量和加强爆破炮孔周围防护,保证了施工安全.     

深孔爆破孔底充填缓冲吸能材料减震试验研究

通过对影响爆破震波各种主要因素的分析,针对深孔爆破采用孔底装填吸能缓冲材料,来削减炸药爆炸在孔底的冲击压力和吸收部分能量,从而达到降低爆破震动对周边建(构)物影响的目的。并进行现场爆破试验,对爆破震动波进行测试,同时对减震爆破装药和非减震的常规爆破装药进行比较,获得的测试数据证明,采用孔底装填吸能缓冲材料其减震率达到3.23%～35.19%。     

土岩爆破与宅楼损伤因果关系分析--以湖北某电厂爆破工程为例

对某工程公司平基爆破对附近宅楼的损伤事故进行鉴定。通过实地勘测、调查取证,从宅楼的裂缝走向、爆破产生的爆破地震效应和空气冲击波作用三方面对附近宅楼损伤的可能性进行分析．认为该平基爆破不会对该宅楼造成损伤破坏。     

轴向单缝偏心药柱爆破效应模型试验研究

为了探究轴向单缝偏心药柱在掏槽爆破中爆炸应力波传播规律和裂纹扩展情况,采用水泥砂浆模型试块开展模型爆破试验,采用超动态应变测试系统对爆炸应力场进行测量。结果表明:在相同爆心距下,背对切缝侧A测点仅为正对切缝侧B测点峰值应力的73.82%;一定角度范围内,峰值应力随偏转角度的增大而减小,偏转角度为0°时峰值应力最大,偏转角度为60°处峰值应力是偏转角度为30°处的74.39%,峰值应力在0°到60°范围内最大衰减达到32.74%;正对切缝方向产生一条贯通炮孔的主裂纹,裂纹发育优于其他方向,且切缝方向没有明显的细小裂纹,这表明轴向单缝偏心药柱具有良好的定向断裂能力。     

松软煤层多孔爆破的裂纹分布及区域电阻率响应实验研究*

为获得松软煤层多孔爆破的裂纹分布及区域电阻率响应特征,利用岩体和煤体的三层物理模型,开展松软煤层多孔模型爆破实验,借助图像处理与电阻率层析成像技术,分析松软煤层多孔爆破的裂纹分布特征,得出爆破前后电阻率的响应规律。结果表明:在爆生裂隙形成的同时,控制孔内侧煤体呈现出断裂式和非断裂式2种位移现象,部分抵消了爆破孔扩腔带来的挤压作用;提出采用爆生裂隙、控制孔及爆破孔面积变化三者的综合值（S）分析爆破效果,单孔爆破时,S＜0,煤层裂隙分形维数变化率仅5%,控制区域呈现压实现象,电阻率降低约20%;多孔爆破时,爆生裂隙丰富、煤体发生充分位移,裂隙分形维数变化率达到21.28%,爆破孔空腔的负效应被抵消（S＞0）,控制区域内电阻率普遍增大1~30倍;与单孔爆破模型相比,多孔爆破更符合煤矿现场,且能有效实现控制区域内的增透,电阻率普遍呈现增大现象。