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221.
There is an assumption that with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Second World ceased to exist. Yet the demise of the Communist bloc as a geopolitical reality did not mean that it stopped exerting a defining influence over how people think and behave. This article examines how the postsocialist state in Kazakhstan deals with potential crises such as earthquakes and the extent to which the Soviet legacy still shapes intellectual debates, state structures, and civil society organisations in in that country. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews, this paper re-examines the Second World in its historical context and re-establishes it as a conceptual framework for considering disaster risk reduction in the former Soviet bloc. It argues that it is essential to pay attention to this legacy in Kazakhstan both in policy and practice if earthquake risk reduction is to be made more effective. 相似文献
222.
Obiri S Dodoo DK Okai-Sam F Essumang DK Adjorlolo-Gasokpoh A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,118(1-3):37-49
Food crops such as cassava, cocoyam and other tuber crops grown in mining communities uptake toxic or hazardous chemicals
such as arsenic, and cadmium, from the soil. Cassava is a stable food for Ghanaians. This study evaluated human health risk
from eating cassava grown in some mining communities in Ghana such as Bogoso, Prestea, Tarkwa and Tamso, which are important
mining towns in the Western Region of Ghana. The study evaluated cancer and non-cancer health effects from eating cassava
grown in the study areas in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency’s Risk Assessment guidelines. The results of
the study revealed the following: cancer health risk for Tamso, 0.098 (RME – Reasonable Maximum Exposure) and 0.082 (CTE –
Central Tendency Exposure). This means that approximately 10 and 8 out of 100 resident adults are likely to suffer from cancer
related cases by RME and CTE parameters respectively. For Prestea, we have 0.010 and 0.12, which also means that approximately
1 out of 100 and 10 resident adults out of 100 are also likely to suffer from cancer related diseases by RME and CTE parameters.
The results of the study obtained were found to be above the acceptable cancer risk range of 1× 10−6 to 1× 10−4, i.e., 1 case of cancer out of 1 million or 100,000 people respectively. 相似文献
223.
Weyer PJ Smith BJ Feng ZF Kantamneni JR Riley DG 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,116(1-3):81-90
Nitrate contamination of water sources is a concern where large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers are regularly applied to soils.
Ingested nitrate from dietary sources and drinking water can be converted to nitrite and ultimately to N-nitroso compounds,
many of which are known carcinogens. Epidemiologic studies of drinking water nitrate and cancer report mixed findings; a criticism
is the use of nitrate concentrations from retrospective drinking water data to assign exposure levels. Residential point-of-use
nitrate data are scarce; gaps in historical data for municipal supply finished water hamper exposure classification efforts.
We used generalized linear regression models to estimate and compare historical raw water and finished water nitrate levels
(1960s--1990s) in single source Iowa municipal supplies to determine whether raw water monitoring data could supplement finished
water data to improve exposure assessment. Comparison of raw water and finished water samples (same sampling date) showed
a significant difference in nitrate levels in municipalities using rivers; municipalities using other surface water or alluvial
groundwater had no difference in nitrate levels. A regional aggregation of alluvial groundwater municipalities was constructed
based on results from a previous study showing regional differences in nitrate contamination of private wells; results from
this analysis were mixed, dependent upon region and decade. These analyses demonstrate using historical raw water nitrate
monitoring data to supplement finished water data for exposure assessment is appropriate for individual Iowa municipal supplies
using alluvial groundwater, lakes or reservoirs. Using alluvial raw water data on a regional basis is dependent on region
and decade. 相似文献
224.
Carroll S Goonetilleke A Thomas E Hargreaves M Frost R Dawes L 《Environmental management》2006,38(2):286-303
Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are becoming increasingly important for the treatment and dispersal of effluent
in new urbanised developments that are not serviced by centralised wastewater collection and treatment systems. However, the
current standards and guidelines adopted by many local authorities for assessing suitable site and soil conditions for OWTS
are increasingly coming under scrutiny due to the public health and environmental impacts caused by poorly performing systems,
in particular septic tank-soil adsorption systems. In order to achieve sustainable onsite wastewater treatment with minimal
impacts on the environment and public health, more appropriate means of assessment are required. This paper highlights an
integrated risk based approach for assessing the inherent hazards associated with OWTS in order to manage and mitigate the
environmental and public health risks inherent with onsite wastewater treatment. In developing a sound and cohesive integrated
risk framework for OWTS, several key issues must be recognised. These include the inclusion of relevant stakeholders throughout
framework development, the integration of scientific knowledge, data and analysis with risk assessment and management ideals,
and identification of the appropriate performance goals for successful management and mitigation of associated risks. These
issues were addressed in the development of the risk framework to provide a generic approach to assessing risk from OWTS.
The utilisation of the developed risk framework for achieving more appropriate assessment and management techniques for OWTS
is presented in a case study for the Gold Coast region, Queensland State, Australia. 相似文献
225.
The extensive literature on environmental justice has, by now, well defined the essential ingredients of cumulative risk,
namely, incompatible land uses and vulnerability. Most problematic is the case when risk is produced by a large aggregation
of small sources of air toxics. In this article, we test these notions in an area of Southern California, Southeast Los Angeles
(SELA), which has come to be known as Asthmatown. Developing a rapid risk mapping protocol, we scan the neighborhood for small
potential sources of air toxics and find, literally, hundreds of small point sources within a 2-mile radius, interspersed
with residences. We also map the estimated cancer risks and noncancer hazard indices across the landscape. We find that, indeed,
such large aggregations of even small, nondominant sources of air toxics can produce markedly elevated levels of risk. In
this study, the risk profiles show additional cancer risks of up to 800 in a million and noncancer hazard indices of up to
200 in SELA due to the agglomeration of small point sources. This is significant (for example, estimates of the average regional
point-source-related cancer risk range from 125 to 200 in a million). Most importantly, if we were to talk about the risk
contour as if they were geological structures, we would observe not only a handful of distinct peaks, but a general “mountain
range” running all throughout the study area, which underscores the ubiquity of risk in SELA. Just as cumulative risk has
deeply embedded itself into the fabric of the place, so, too, must intervention seek to embed strategies into the institutions
and practices of SELA. This has implications for advocacy, as seen in a recently initiated participatory action research project
aimed at building health research capacities into the community in keeping with an ethic of care. 相似文献
226.
生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在饰面砖中资源化应用技术 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
分析了飞灰的性质,利用飞灰、红泥及缸砂研制饰面砖,研究了飞灰对饰面砖性能及微观结构的影响,并对其安全性进行了评价。结果表明:飞灰主要化学成分是CaO、SiO2、Al2O3,构成SiO2-Al22O3-金属氧化物体系,可用作饰面砖的原材料;当飞灰掺加量为20%时,饰面砖表现出良好的性能:抗压强度19·2MPa,吸水率7·2%,表观质量达到一等品要求;与飞灰相比,饰面砖中重金属浸出能力大大降低:As、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cu、Hg、Cd水平振荡浸出毒性未检测出,Zn的水平振荡浸出值下降到飞灰中的0·014倍,Hg、Cd有效浸出毒性未检测出,As、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cu、Zn的有效浸出毒性分别下降到飞灰中的0·056、0·001、0·067、0·058、0·056、0·029倍。 相似文献
227.
随着社会经济的发展和城市化进程的推进,我国环境风险事故频发。与此同时,公众对于美好环境的需求日益提升,公众与专家和政府之间的风险判断差异是不同规模的群体性事件发生的主要诱因。为识别公众环境风险接受度的影响因素,本研究基于结构方程模型分析了11种环境风险的客观风险水平和公众感知到的风险影响度、场域了解度、政府信任度、社会经济水平等因素对公众风险接受度的影响。研究结果显示,社会经济水平、风险影响度、场域了解度、政府信任度均直接影响公众的风险接受度;客观风险水平则通过风险影响度的中介作用间接影响风险接受度。因此,为在经济发展过程中降低公众风险感知偏差对生产生活的影响,我国除了通过更严格的风险管控手段降低风险事故发生概率和影响范围外,还需要通过信息公开、公众参与和生态科普等方式增强公众对风险场域的了解度和对政府的信任度以提升风险接受能力。 相似文献
228.
基于双指标多等级的土壤重金属生态风险评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用土壤中重金属的全量和有效态双重指标,建立基于多等级综合评估的土壤中重金属生态风险评价模型,将联合概率曲线法引入土壤评价模型,分析重金属暴露浓度与毒性数据的概率分布,考察重金属对土壤生物的毒害程度,从而确定土壤中重金属对于生态系统的风险。建立从简单到复杂的多等级综合评价方法,表征重金属的污染等级、浓度效应、多种重金属污染物的协同效应、不同重金属的毒性效应和土壤对不同重金属污染物的敏感性。选择典型地区采集有代表性的土壤样品,测定不同重金属的总量和有效态,验证评价模型的实用性和评价分级的合理性。旨在解决土壤重金属风险评价的方法学问题,为土壤环境质量管理提供支持。 相似文献
229.
Kaitlin T. Raimi Alexander Maki David Dana Michael P. Vandenbergh 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2019,13(3):300-319
The growing recognition that climate change mitigation alone will be inadequate has led scientists and policymakers to discuss climate geoengineering. An experiment with a US sample found, contrary to previous research, that reading about geoengineering did not reduce conservatives’ skepticism about the existence of anthropogenic climate change. Moreover, depending on how it is framed, geoengineering can reduce support for mitigation among both conservatives and non-conservatives. When geoengineering is framed as a major solution, people worry less about climate change, leading to reduced mitigation support. When framed as disastrous, people perceived geoengineering as riskier, also leading to a decrease in mitigation support. A more moderate framing of geoengineering as a partial solution is less susceptible to moral hazard effects. Overall, results suggest that geoengineering will not lessen political polarization over anthropogenic climate change, and could undercut support for mitigation efforts. Instead, framing geoengineering as a small piece to solving a big puzzle seems to be the best strategy to weaken this potential moral hazard. 相似文献
230.
Graham Dixon Olivia Bullock Dinah Adams 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2019,13(2):135-143
In 2017, the United States experienced a series of natural hazards (hurricanes, wildfires, and blizzards) that resulted in significant loss of life and property. Emphasizing the role of climate change in these events might offer an important tool for engagement, particularly with skeptical audiences. However, in a survey experiment (N?=?1504) involving three different natural hazards – hurricanes, wildfires, and blizzards – we find that emphasizing the role of climate change in these hazards produced unintended effects for climate change skeptics. In particular, skeptics experienced resistance to the news article, which associated with reduced perceived hazard severity. These backfiring effects likely serve as a defensive mechanism used by skeptics to maintain their prior views of climate change, illustrating the challenges faced in communicating climate change to skeptical audiences. These findings offer additional insight for those attempting to communicate climate-related risk information to skeptical audiences. 相似文献