中华文明的生态复兴:兼论生态文明思想的科学基础

生态文明思想不仅为了应对目前随工业文明发展而出现的种种不和谐、不可持续现象的挑战,而且要以一种崭新的文明思想和形态实现中华文明在新时代的升华.从而为中华民族的全面复兴奠定文化和思想基础.仅凭经济的发展不可能实现民族的复兴,中华民族的兴盛有赖于中华文明的复兴.文明的升华和进步不仅是经济社会发展的结果,更是其发展的前提.西方的兴盛不仅在于工业化大生产及相应的设备和科技的全球普及.更在于与工业文明相一致的西方思想和文化的全球影响.在这个意义上,西方的兴盛更准确地说是起始乎工业革命之前的文艺复兴.建立在生态科学基础上的生态文明思想与中华文明有诸多相似之处.在全球经济整合、生物圈遭到严重威胁的今天,中华文明可望以生态文明的形态得以升华和复兴,并从根本上为人类文明的发展做出更大贡献.     

中药制药过程的职业危害与控制措施

建国以来,我国中药制药生产技术发生了巨大的变化,经历了上个世纪六七十年代的中药生产“机械化”、八十年代的中药制药“工业化”和九十年代提出的以“现代化”为目标的三个阶段。目前中药行业正处于传统工艺与现代技术相结合的新发展阶段,制药工艺复杂,制药工序中潜在的职业危害因素较多。本文通过分析常见的中药制药过程,找出其中可能产生职业危害的工序、环节,并提出了相应的控制措施,以期达到降低或消除制药行业作业职业危害的目的。     

“近自然林业”经营法在杉木人工幼林经营中的应用

从1994年起,将“近自然林业”的经营方式应用于杉木人工林的经营中。5a的试验结果表明：与采用常规方法经营杉木相比无论是平均胸高、平均树高、单位面积蓄积量都有大幅度的增长,且立地条件越差增长的幅度越大。用近自然林业经营法经营杉木人工幼林,土壤肥力也得到了维护和提高,表现在土壤生物活性加强,土壤养分增加,交换性能改善,加速了养分的循环和累积。     

杉木人工林林下植物物种多样性的动态特征

研究不同生长发育阶段杉木林林下植物演替过程的动态特征,结果表明：偶然种伴生阶段（幼龄林阶段）,林下植物种类组成和数量第一次繁荣,结构比较简单;林下植物贫乏阶段（郁闭阶段）,种类和数量较少,结构简单;林下植物相对稳定阶段（近成熟林和成熟林阶段）,种类组成和数量不断增加,群落呈现稳定的杉木层、灌木层和草本层的三层结构;入侵性演替阶段（老龄林阶段）,种类组成和数量再度繁盛,一些阔叶树种生长进和乔木层,形成具有多物种和多层次的群落结构。不同生长发育阶段的杉木林林下植物α多样性存在明显差异和波动性。幼林阶段林下植物总体和灌木层的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均较高;林分郁闭阶段各指数有明显下降;随后又有所增加,至老龄杉木林阶段达到量大值;在3a、9a和31a杉木林中,物种多样性垂直结构表现出灌木层＞草本层＞藤本植物的格局;在20a杉木林中,物种多样性垂直结构则表现出草本层＞灌木层＞藤本植物的格局;在56a老龄林中,物种多样性垂直结构表现出灌木层＞乔木层＞藤本植物＞草本层的格局。表3参6     

土壤酸化对油松生长的影响

褐色森林土酸化后,pH值下降,同时淋溶出大量Al离子和Mn离子。播种在酸化土壤中的油松种子萌发率稍有提高。生长在酸化土壤的油松苗的叶绿素含量,蒸腾强度,光合速率,相对生长率和干重均下降,原因是Al离子和Mn离子对油松的有毒害作用,并且阻止油松对钙离子和镁离子的吸收。表3参12     

杉木多代连栽后土壤肥力变化

通过选择邻近分布,母岩一致,树龄相近且为近成熟林等可比性较强的一代、二代、三代杉木林标准地,研究杂木林及不同栽杉代数杉木林土壤水分物理性质、土壤养分和腐殖质及土壤生化活性的差异,并采用主成分分析（PCA）法对不同林分类型土壤肥力进行排序。结果显示表层土壤（0～20cm）肥力以杂木林最高,其次为一代杉木林的,二代和三代杉木林的则最差;底层土壤(20～40cm)肥力以杂木林最高,一代、二代和三代杉木林的均较差。建议降低人为干扰频率和强度及改善林分群落结构来提高杉木人工林土壤肥力,从而实现杉木林的可持续经营。     

新型可见光催化剂BiVO4降解中成药制药废水

以Bi(NO3)3.5H2O和NH4VO3为原料,采用水热法制备了新型可见光BiVO4催化剂,并用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)和紫外-可见光漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)对产品进行了结构表征,并将其应用于光催化降解中成药制药废水降解反应中,通过正交实验和单因素分析,考察了催化剂用量、空气流量、溶液pH值和助氧化剂H2O2对制药废水COD去除率、脱色率的影响。实验结果表明,水热产品属于单斜晶系BiVO4,其带隙能为2.41 eV,并具有良好的可见光催化活性。对于经10倍稀释的制药废水,BiVO4添加量为2 g/L,通氧量为120 L/h,助氧化剂H2O2添加量为1 mL,不改变废水pH值,在400 W金属卤化物灯离液面11 cm照射反应180 min的条件下,制药废水的COD去除率为94.3%,脱色率为95.6%,得到了较好的降解。     

Effects of soil properties on heavy metal accumulation in flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee) in Pearl River Delta,China

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soil properties on the heavy metal accumulation in flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee) at the field scale. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and chromium (Cr) in topsoil and vegetable samples from Nanhai district of Foshan city in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) were analyzed. The results showed that 56.5% of the soil samples exceeded the grade II of the Chinese Soil Environmental Quality Standard (GB 15618-1995) for Hg concentrations, while 8.70% and 17.4% of the vegetable samples exceeded the criteria of the Chinese Safety Qualification of Agricultural Products (GB 18406.1-2001) for Cd and Hg concentrations, respectively. The calculated bio-concentration factor (BCF; i.e., the ratio of the metal concentration in the edible parts of flowering Chinese cabbage to that in soil) values were ranked as: Cd (0.1415) > Cr (0.0061) > Hg (0.0012) (p < 0.01), which demonstrated that Cd was easier to be accumulated in the edible parts of flowering Chinese cabbage than Hg and Cr. Furthermore, the following relationships between (bio-concentration factor) BCF values (BCFs) and soil physicochemical properties were concluded from our results: i) the mean BCFs of coarse-textured soils were higher than those of fine-textured soils; ii) the BCFs decreased with increasing soil pH; iii) the soils with high organic matter(OM) and Cation exchange capacity (CEC) have low BCFs, resulting from their high sorption capacities for Cd, Hg, and Cr. The stepwise linear multiple regression analyses showed that total metal concentrations and available calcium in soils were two main factors controlling the accumulation of Cd, Hg, and Cr in the flowering Chinese cabbage.     

鄱阳湖湖口水域四大家鱼幼鱼出现的时间过程

作为长江仅存的两个通江湖泊之一,鄱阳湖在长江四大家鱼幼鱼的肥育方面有着重要意义。迄今为止,关于长江四大家鱼幼鱼进入鄱阳湖的相关问题仍不清楚。以鄱阳湖湖口水域为研究对象,分析湖口水域四大家鱼幼鱼出现的时间过程。根据2007～2008年监测,湖口水域四大家鱼幼鱼出现的时间集中在7、8月份,其中7月中下旬~8月底为青鱼、草鱼和鲢幼鱼的高峰期;而鳙幼鱼的高峰期在7月份。青鱼、鳙的体长主要为500～999 cm,草鱼、鲢以500～1499 cm的个体为主。此外,2007和2008年湖口水域四大家鱼幼鱼均以鲢为主,鳙所占比例较小,且它们每天出现的数量都与湖口的水位呈正相关。这为深入研究长江四大家鱼幼鱼进入鄱阳湖的时间过程提供了基础资料。     

Modeling redistribution of α-HCH in Chinese soil induced by environment factors

This study explores long-term environmental fate of α-HCH in China from 1952 to 2007 using ChnGPERM (Chinese Gridded Pesticide Emission and Residue Model). The model captures well the temporal and spatial variations of α-HCH concentration in Chinese soils by comparing with a number of measured data across China in different periods. The results demonstrate α-HCH grasshopping effect in Eastern China and reveal several important features of the chemical in Northeast and Southeast China. It is found that Northeast China is a prominent sink region of α-HCH emitted from Chinese sources and α-HCH contamination in Southwest China is largely attributed to foreign sources. Southeast China is shown to be a major source contributing to α-HCH contamination in Northeast China, incurred by several environmental factors including temperature, soil organic carbon content, wind field and precipitation.