中华绒螯蟹感染类立克次氏体微生物的研究

对“颤抖病”中华绒螯蟹病蟹病理组织超显微结构观察表明，在病蟹鳃上皮细胞、肝胰腺细胞及血淋巴细胞中存在大量类立克次氏体(rickettsia—1ike organism，RLO)微生物．RLO主要以包含体形式存在于寄主细胞的细胞质中，同时也能散在或群居状存在于包含体外的细胞质内．RLO细胞形态主要有两类，即初级体细胞型和中间体细胞型．初级体RLO表现为体积较小、电子密度深染的球状颗粒．中间体RLO呈现球状、椭圆体及棒状等多种细胞形态．中间体RLO能以二分裂和出芽两种方式繁殖．人工感染实验表明，RLO能通过水体经鳃感染健康蟹，使其表现颤抖病症状．血淋巴细胞中RL0的存在及电镜对不同发病时期病蟹组织的观察结果说明，RLO能够依靠血淋巴循环迅速从最初感染的鳃组织向肝胰腺扩散，形成系统感染，导致器官组织细胞机能紊乱．图版2参24     

低浓度SO2对油松苗生长的影响

油松(PinustabulaeformisCarr.)苗暴露在SO2浓度分别为0(CK)、0.1mgm?3(T1)、0.2mgm-3(T2)和0.4mgm?3(T3)的4个人工气候箱内60昼夜.TI、T2组油松生长情况与CK无显著性差异.T3组油松针叶颜色发现异常,针叶中类胡萝卜素含量下降29%,含硫量增加242%,从针叶渗出的钾离子量比CK增加198%,光合速率下降7%,蒸腾速率增加17%,单株干重下降19%,相对生长速率下降3μgmg-1d-1.图7表3参8     

扩散源污染的定义及其研究意义

介绍了扩散源污染的标准定义、特征、学术活动和未来行动等方面，以期引起国内同行对开展扩散源污染研究的讨论和重视。     

中国穿山甲受危状况评估

中国穿山甲主要分布在我国长江以南地区，少量分布在与我国广西、云南接壤的国家．分析了中国穿山甲(Manis pentadactyla)的各种致危因素共19种，并以此评估了它的受危状况．结果表明，中国穿山甲属易受危物种，潜在的绝灭危险较大．较高的受危指数(Ti=0．6947)表明它处于高度受危状态，已成为濒危物种(En)．最关键的外在致危因素是过度狩猎、利用和走私，其次是栖息地的丧失、改变、岛屿化和种群分布格局的片断化．上世纪60年代后至今，估计中国穿山甲种群数量已下降了88．88％～94．12％，栖息地内的种群密度已低至0．001134～0．056头／km^2，较高的狩猎压力以及栖息地的丧失、改变、岛屿化和走私还将持续，受危程度将进一步加重，潜在的绝灭危险继续上升．要缓解中国穿山甲当前的受危状况，减轻狩猎压力，保护好现有栖息地，打击走私是当务之急．依据IUCN红色名录(Red List，version3．1)和我国濒危动物红皮书对受危物种等级标准的定义，以及CITES附录物种等级标准、我国重点保护动物等级标准，中国穿山甲应当从我国濒危动物红皮书中的易危级(Vu)和IUCN红色名录里的低危接近易危(LR／nt)上调为濒危级(En)，由CITES附录Ⅱ上升为附录Ⅰ，由国家Ⅱ级保护动物上升为Ⅰ级保护．图3表1参40     

转基因不结球白菜实验地中外源基因流动及在不向作物中的自然渗入

首次报道了转基因不结球白菜实验地中 ,以除草剂抗性基因bar为标记基因的外源基因流动以及在芸薹属不同栽培作物中的基因渗入情况 .结果表明 ,外源基因能随花粉的散布流动 ,距离转基因花粉源越远 ,流动频率越低 .距离转基因白菜 0～ 3m处为花粉的主要流动区域 ,其频率占总流动率的 5 0 %左右 .2 0m隔离带后基因的流动频率仅为10m隔离带后的 1/2 0 .自然条件下 ,白菜中的外源基因在芸薹属同基因组作物中具有较高的渗入频率 ;在基因组具部分同源性的甘蓝型油菜中具一定的渗入频率 ;不能渗入甘蓝基因组中 .基因的渗入频率与作物间的亲缘性、隔离距离等多因素相关 .探讨了基因流动频率与基因渗入频率的差异 ,提出在有显性标记基因及花粉的供体、受体完全亲合的情况下 ,可以用基因的渗入频率来反应田间的基因流动情况 .图 4表 4参 12     

Predicting the Range of Chinese Mitten Crabs in Europe

Abstract:  Ecological niche modeling provides a means for predicting the potential future distribution of a nonindigenous species based on environmental characteristics of the species' native range. We applied this method to the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) , a catadromous crustacean with a long history of invasion in Europe. We used genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction to predict the potential European distribution of mitten crab based on its distribution in 42 locations in its native Asia. The climatic variables, air temperature, number of days, amount of precipitation, and wetness index, contributed significantly to predictions of native distribution limits. Although the genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction model was developed for the native range, the species' extensive distribution in Europe ( n = 434) allowed independent validation of the predictions. Application of the model to Europe was successful, with 84% of occurrences in regions predicted to be suitable by >80% of the models and <4% of occurrences in areas predicted suitable by <50% of the models (mainly along the northern range). At the watershed scale, areas with established mitten crab populations had significantly higher habitat matching than sites that were not invaded. The independent validation of the Asian-based model by the European distribution revealed that predictions were highly accurate. The model also identified large areas of Europe, particularly along the Mediterranean coast, as vulnerable to future invasion. These predictions can be used to develop strategies to control the spread of mitten crab by preventing introductions into vulnerable areas.     

Quantitative and structural analyses of hazardous elements in Chinese medicines and herbs

Thirty samples of Chinese medicines and herbs were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods, mainly noting on the hazardous elements arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), chromium, antimony and cobalt. The three Niuhuang Jiedu Pian samples contained 8.6%, 8.3% and 2.2% As. Two out of four Liushen Wan samples contained approximately7% of both As and Hg. Despite being identically named, the other two Liushen Wan samples did not contain such high concentrations. Japanese Liushen Wan for children contained 1.2 ± 0.03% As and 31 ± 12 mg/kg Hg, whereas Liushen Wan for adults manufactured by another Japanese company contained 550 ± 22 mg/kg As and 1.2 ± 0.05 mg/kg Hg. All the chemical structural formulas of As and Hg in the high-concentration Niuhuang Jiedu Pian and Liushen Wan were realgar (As₄S₄), uzonite (As₄S₅) and cinnabar (HgS). Although the human body is generally not believed to absorb sulphides, continuous intake of these Chinese medicines is potentially no good because it is possible that some arsenic-sulfides will dissolve in gastric acid and then alter their chemical structures. Additionally, many herbs contained low concentrations of Hg, and their chemical structures were unknown.     

中药免疫增强剂抗肿瘤作用机理及物质基础

近年来,中药免疫增强剂的作用机理及物质基础逐渐被现代医学不断研究揭示.研究表明中药中的多糖类,苷类,黄酮类,挥发油类等成分能提高机体的免疫能力,能够明显增强免疫器官的重量,增强体液免疫和细胞免疫及促进机体产生细胞因子等作用.参31.     

两种四环素类兽药抗生素对白菜种子发芽与根伸长抑制的毒性效应

采用土培和水培相结合的方法,在预试验研究的基础上,研究砖红壤中不同质量分数金霉素（0～4 000 mg·kg-1）、土霉素（0～25 000 mg·kg-1）和水溶液中不同质量浓度金霉素（0～150 mg·L-1）和土霉素（0～150 mg·L-1）污染对白菜（Brassica pekimensis）种子发芽的抑制与毒性效应。结果表明：（1）当土壤中添加外源土霉素时,白菜种子发芽率总体呈下降趋势。而当添加金霉素时,白菜种子发芽率在85%附近波动,与对照相比,并无显著差异（P〉0.05）。而在水培条件下,金霉素对白菜发芽的抑制作用大于土霉素,但并未达显著差异水平（P〉0.05）。（2）白菜根伸长量随着土壤、水溶液中土霉素和金霉素质量分数或质量浓度的增加而缩短,生长均受到抑制。且与两种抗生素的质量分数或质量浓度均表现为极显著的相关性（P〈0.01）。（3）同一质量分数或质量浓度水平下,发芽率、根伸长、芽伸长对金霉素和土霉素的生态毒性敏感顺序依次为根伸长〉芽伸长〉发芽率。根伸长抑制率可作为诊断土霉素、金霉素对土壤毒性的敏感指标,反映土壤被四环素类抗生素污染的状况。（4）金霉素和土霉素在水培条件下对白菜的IC50值分别为20.32和287.52 mg·L-1。而在土壤中,白菜对金霉素和土霉素的IC50值分别为851.08和14 045.75 mg·kg-1。说明在土霉素对白菜的毒性作用小于金霉素,并且2种抗生素在土壤中对白菜根伸长的抑制效应明显低于水溶液中的抑制效应,这与土壤对抗生素污染有重要的缓冲作用有关。