两种四环素类兽药抗生素对白菜种子发芽与根伸长抑制的毒性效应

采用土培和水培相结合的方法,在预试验研究的基础上,研究砖红壤中不同质量分数金霉素（0～4 000 mg·kg-1）、土霉素（0～25 000 mg·kg-1）和水溶液中不同质量浓度金霉素（0～150 mg·L-1）和土霉素（0～150 mg·L-1）污染对白菜（Brassica pekimensis）种子发芽的抑制与毒性效应。结果表明：（1）当土壤中添加外源土霉素时,白菜种子发芽率总体呈下降趋势。而当添加金霉素时,白菜种子发芽率在85%附近波动,与对照相比,并无显著差异（P〉0.05）。而在水培条件下,金霉素对白菜发芽的抑制作用大于土霉素,但并未达显著差异水平（P〉0.05）。（2）白菜根伸长量随着土壤、水溶液中土霉素和金霉素质量分数或质量浓度的增加而缩短,生长均受到抑制。且与两种抗生素的质量分数或质量浓度均表现为极显著的相关性（P〈0.01）。（3）同一质量分数或质量浓度水平下,发芽率、根伸长、芽伸长对金霉素和土霉素的生态毒性敏感顺序依次为根伸长〉芽伸长〉发芽率。根伸长抑制率可作为诊断土霉素、金霉素对土壤毒性的敏感指标,反映土壤被四环素类抗生素污染的状况。（4）金霉素和土霉素在水培条件下对白菜的IC50值分别为20.32和287.52 mg·L-1。而在土壤中,白菜对金霉素和土霉素的IC50值分别为851.08和14 045.75 mg·kg-1。说明在土霉素对白菜的毒性作用小于金霉素,并且2种抗生素在土壤中对白菜根伸长的抑制效应明显低于水溶液中的抑制效应,这与土壤对抗生素污染有重要的缓冲作用有关。     

铅暴露致中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）幼鱼弯曲畸形与畸形恢复(Exposure of Lead to Juvenile Acipenser sinensis: Effects on Body Deformation and Recovery)

铅是一种常见的污染物,在水环境中广泛分布并在水生食物链中富集,具有持久的生态效应.中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)是我国特有的珍稀濒危大型洄游性鱼类,极具学术价值和生态价值.为了探索中华鲟在生命早期接触铅后的损伤和自我修复机制,采用水溶液静态置换法,从中华鲟受精卵发育至96h开始,进行了16周的Pb2+暴露试验,随后继续6周的排放试验.结果显示:经0.8mg·L-1和1.6mg·L-1的Pb2+暴露16周,中华鲟幼鱼会发生弯曲畸形,而0.2mg·L-1Pb2+暴露组未出现畸形个体.畸形弯曲位置主要发生在近胸鳍起点处以及背鳍起点至尾鳍末端之间,多伴有尾鳍末端下垂.Pb2+暴露浓度越高,畸形弯曲越严重,但未见椎骨变形.畸形个体的自主活动能力和摄食能力明显降低.Pb2+排放后,畸形个体的弯曲程度由重度向轻度转变而恢复正常,弯曲程度越轻恢复越快,畸形恢复个体的自主活动能力和摄食能力均明显得到恢复并逐渐复原.表明中华鲟幼鱼具有较强的排铅能力和铅损伤后的自我修复能力.     

氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生命阶段的毒性效应

为探明氰戊菊酯对鱼类不同生命阶段的毒性效应,以斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫为测试生物,评价了氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生命阶段的急性毒性差异。研究发现,氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫胚胎的96 h-LC50值分别为0.901(0.664~1.22)和0.636(0.233~1.74)mg·L~(-1)。氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫胚胎孵化有明显的促进作用,染毒48 h后,0.188和0.375 mg·L~(-1)氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫胚胎的孵化率分别为88.9%和100%。氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 h-LC50值分别为0.00340、0.0183、0.00487 mg·L~(-1),氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 h-LC50值分别为0.0520、0.00277、0.00345 mg·L~(-1)。因此,氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼不同生命阶段的毒性从高到低顺序依次为:仔鱼成鱼幼鱼胚胎,氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫胚胎、仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的毒性为幼鱼成鱼仔鱼胚胎。试验结果表明,斑马鱼仔鱼对氰戊菊酯的敏感性高于稀有鮈鲫相应的生命阶段,相对于斑马鱼,稀有鮈鲫胚胎、幼鱼以及成鱼对氰戊菊酯的毒性作用更为敏感,说明氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生命阶段的毒性效应差异较大。     

山东地区黄土沉积特征与环境意义及其与黄土高原的对比

黄土高原与我国东部地区等地广泛分布的第四纪以来的粉尘堆积,是古气候变化的良好记录。但是,将我国黄土堆积视为一个整体、从地质历史的角度来进行区域对比和定量分析粉尘堆积的动态过程及其驱动机制的研究较少。在系统的野外调查与地层对比的基础上,对末次冰期沉积的山东庙岛群岛长岛黄土剖面与宁夏中卫冰沟黄土剖面进行了样品采集,经彻底的前处理后,采用Malvern Mastersizer 2000激光粒度仪进行了粒度分析,结果表明两者在粒度特征上存在一定的相似性,但冰沟剖面粒度明显比长岛剖面粒度粗,在整个末次冰期的风成沉积中,冰沟剖面的中值粒径为48.23μm,而长岛剖面为28.36μm;冰沟剖面的砂粒的百分含量为52.34%,而长岛剖面仅为23.47%。两个剖面均记录了末次冰期可与反映全球冰量变化的SPECMAP曲线对比的阶段,尽管其反映的气候状况并不完全相同。两剖面所指示的环境意义可能也存在差异,冰沟剖面的粒度变化主要反映了古风场强度的变化和沙漠的进退,长岛剖面粒度变化除了指示古风场强度的变化信息外,还指示了粉尘源区环境的变化,在一定程度上还指示了海平面变迁的信息。     

Two-dimensional habitat modeling of Chinese sturgeon spawning sites

Since the construction of the Gezhouba Dam in the 1980s, the number of Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River has been rapidly declining. The Gezhouba Dam has cutoff the migration path of these sturgeon, resulting in an overall reduction of suitable sturgeon habitat. This paper describes a habitat suitability index model that is used to evaluate the impacts of the Gezhouba Dam and Three Gorges Project on Chinese sturgeon spawning sites. Based on research concerning the reproduction characteristics of Chinese sturgeon, ten major ecological factors that influence reproduction were analyzed, including: water temperature, velocity, water depth, substrate, suspended sediment concentration, and the amount of egg predatory fish. The suitability index (SI) curves based on these ten ecological factors were obtained, and a habitat suitability function was developed. A two-dimensional mathematical model was also created to simulate and predict physical habitat situation (such as hydraulic, sediment, and substrate) of the Chinese sturgeon. By coupling the habitat suitability function and a two-dimensional mathematical model, a habitat suitability index model for Chinese sturgeon was established. The habitat suitability index model was validated by comparing measured data with predictions from the model. These comparisons showed that the computed results agreed well with the measured results, and the high calculated habitat suitability index (HSI) corresponded to high measured quantity of eggs per unit (1000 m³) discharge (CPUE_d). The calculated habitat suitability index for Chinese sturgeon also showed that the habitat suitability index was better in 1999, before the impoundment of the Three Gorges Project, compared with the habitat suitability in 2003. Simulation results of different discharges from Gezhouba Dam predicted that flow discharges between 10,000 and 30,000 m³/s were most suitable for sturgeon spawning.     

重庆四面山杉木群落物种多样性研究

通过对重庆四面山杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林样地的调查,运用丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,分析了该地区杉木群落物种多样性特征,将该地区现存杉木群落划分为2个群系组(杉木林和杉木针阔混交林),8个群系,10个群丛。结果表明,杉木群落可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层。在杉木林群系组中,丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均表现为灌木层>草本层>乔木层。在杉木针阔混交林群系组中,丰富度指数表现为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;多样性指数多数表现为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;均匀度指数变化较为复杂,没有统一规律。杉木群落各层的丰富度指数随海拔高度的升高总体上呈下降趋势。群落各层的多样性指数随海拔高度的升高在特定区间内表现出一定规律性:在海拔1180m以下低海拔区域,随海拔高度的升高呈下降趋势;在海拔1180～1351m范围内,随海拔高度的升高呈波动状态;而在海拔1351m以上高海拔区域,又呈下降趋势。群落各层的均匀度指数随海拔梯度变化较为复杂,未表现出明显规律。     

中文智能pH在线监控仪及其算法开发

介绍了中文智能ｐＨ在线监控仪的性能、工作原理，功能及软件硬件设置，分析讨论了几咱不同的控制算法。     

有机农业与中国传统农业的比较

介绍了有机农业的起源与内涵，比较了有机农业与中国传统农业的联系与区别，并提出了促进我国有机农业发展的建议     

中英文知名消防期刊研究

为了提供较为系统的中英文消防期刊信息,并参考和借鉴英文消防期刊的发展理念和经验,分类介绍了30种中英文知名消防期刊;从刊物的种类、创刊时间、刊物内容和学术性等方面对比分析了中英文消防期刊的特点;从经济社会发展和消防科学技术进步的角度研究了消防期刊发展规律;探讨了我国消防期刊发展方向。我国消防期刊主要有消防专业期刊、与消防有关的安全类期刊以及设置消防研究、消防安全等栏目的学术期刊三大类;英美消防期刊主要有学术性消防专业期刊、技术性消防专业期刊、燃烧类学术期刊、抢险救援类消防专业期刊和高风险工业消防专业期刊等类型。与英美消防期刊相比,我国消防类期刊创办较晚,种类较少,学术性和应用性仍有待于进一步提高。     

Stability of soil organic carbon changes in successive rotations of Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook） plantations

The importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) under forests in the global carbon cycle depends on the stability of the soil carbon and its availability to soil microbial biomass. We investigated the e ects of successive rotations of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantations on the stability of SOC and its availability to microbes by adopting the two-step hydrolysis with H2SO4 and density fractionation. The results showed that successive rotations of Chinese fir decreased the quantity of total SOC, recalcitrant fraction, and carbohydrates in Labile Pool I (LP I), and microbial properties evidently, especially at 0–10 cm horizon. However, cellulose included in Labile Pool II (LP II) and the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio increased in successive rotations of Chinese fir. The noncellulose of carbohydrates included in LP I maybe highly available to soil microbial biomass. Hence the availability of SOC to microbial biomass declined over the successive rotations. Although there was no significant change in recalcitrance of SOC over the successive rotations of Chinese fir, the percentage of heavy fraction to total SOC increased, suggesting that the degree of physical protection for SOC increased and SOC became more stable over the successive rotations. The degradation of SOC quality in successive rotation soils may be attributed to worse environmental conditions resulted from disturbance that related to “slash and burn” site preparation. Being highly correlated with soil microbial properties, the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio as an e ective indicator of changes in availability of SOC to microbial biomass brought by management practices in forest soils.