崇明东滩芦苇湿地氧化亚氮排放

采用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了崇明东滩芦苇带氧化亚氮(N2O)的排放通量.结果表明,在生长季,高潮滩无植被覆盖沉积物与芦苇根际土中NO3--N的含量变化趋势基本一致,而两者的NH4+-N的含量变化趋势则有所不同;芦苇对高潮滩沉积物N2O排放有较强的促进作用,特别是7月份,使高潮滩沉积物的排放量由0.71μg·m-·2h-1增加到566.28μg·m-·2h-1.而在1月份,芦苇根际土N2O的通量也存在小幅排放,由-4.02mg·m-·2h-1增加到67.54μg·m-·2h-1.对于芦苇根际沉积物而言,除NO3--N、NH4+-N、温度和水分以外,植物的生理过程也是控制N2O排放通量的主要因子.     

崇明北湖叶绿素a浓度与环境因子的GAM回归分析

以崇明北湖为例,采用广义加性模型(GAM)对该湖的叶绿素a浓度与相关环境因子进行分析.结果表明,叶绿素a浓度与总氮、总磷和水温之间存在较好的非线性关系(P<0.05),叶绿素a浓度与总磷之间的关系先为单调递增,当总磷浓度达到0.12mg/L时,变为单调递减;不同总氮浓度区间上,总氮对叶绿素a浓度的影响不同,氮浓度为0.6~1.8mg/L时,对叶绿素a浓度的影响不大;水温在24~26℃时,叶绿素a浓度最高.叶绿素a浓度与氮磷比之间也存在较好的非线性关系(P<0.1),氮限制时,叶绿素浓度与氮磷比呈反比;磷限制时,叶绿素a浓度随着氮磷比单调递减.     

南极菲尔德斯半岛岛弧火山岩中的辉石

菲尔德斯半岛岛弧火山岩中的辉石有贫钙和富钙两类,前者由古铜辉石、紫苏辉石和易变辉石组成,后者包括透辉石、顽透辉石、次透辉石及普通辉石,以普通辉石为主。辉石的化学成分及其变化与寄主玄武岩浆的演化有密切联系。其端元组分呈有规律变化,基质中辉石微晶,Fs明显高于斑晶,Wo低于斑晶。其稀土元素含量与寄主岩的稀土总量呈正相关,轻稀土亏损,重稀土较富集,Eu具较小的负异常,δEu约为0.6。热力学计算表明结晶时的平衡温度为1053—1150℃,平衡压力为0.25—1.03GPa,氧逸度为10~(-6.3)—10~(-8.9)atm,斑晶晶出深度多数在10—25km,岩浆房可能位于下部地壳。     

A multi-hazard history of Antigua*

Antigua experiences earthquakes, droughts and hurricanes. To isolate for study each of these as they occur, would be to over simplify the inter-relationships between the aftereffects of one and the occurrence and the effects of the next. Moreover, there will be conditions arising from factors outside the natural disaster spectrum which bear upon, and are themselves affected by, all of these phenomena. This interplay of events and conditions is readily illustrated in the case of island countries, which have a natural and clearly defined containment. Such interrelationships suggest a complex human-ecological system which must be recognized if environmental balance and compatability are to be maintained - particularly in respect of hazards. This documentary analysis of the colonial era in Antigua, has to conclude for the time being with questions concerning the environmental effectiveness of imported systems of administration which, with no knowledge of comparable natural hazards, assumed sectoral separation.     

崇明岛生态保护与生态补偿分析

以崇明岛为研究对象,通过与上海整体水平的比较,分析了岛域的社会经济状况和生态环境特点,并采用生态足迹模型分析了崇明岛的生态承载力及其对上海城市发展的生态支持作用。在此基础上,从内部机制和外部机制两个方面提出了对崇明岛生态保护进行生态补偿的对策措施。     

崇明东滩海三棱藨草生长期沉积物有机碳含量变化

对长江口崇明东滩(CM-S)海三棱藤草(Scirpus mariqueter)生长期(4～12月)柱样沉积物有机碳含量及变化分析,发现柱样沉积物有机碳含量与温度、海三棱蔗草地上生物量呈显著负相关(p＜0.05).在陆源沉降、温度和海三棱藤草生长、死亡等因素的共同作用下,崇明东滩沉积物有机碳库随时间推移呈明显的"盈""亏"变化.夏季是潮滩沉积物有机碳库的"碳亏"期,秋季9月起,海三棱蔗草死亡分解使得有机碳在沉积物中累积,沉积物碳库进入"碳盈"期.可见死亡倒伏的海三棱藤草是潮滩盐沼带沉积物有机碳库的主要碳源,海三棱蔗草在生长期中通过光合作用所固定的大气碳素在生长末期输送补偿入沉积物有机碳库中.     

西沙赵述岛和北岛海鸟遗迹14C年代模型及意义

对采自西沙赵述岛和北岛的沉积剖面ZS2、BD1进行分析,两个剖面具有十分相似的物源组成和岩性变化。通过测定剖面中海鸟残体的~(14)C年龄,运用传统方法以及Clam和Bacon程序建立了ZS2和BD1沉积剖面的年龄-深度模型。对比年龄-深度模型发现,Bacon程序运用MCMC作为迭代算法,排除异常数据影响,拟合得到的曲线单调相比较于Clam年龄模型显得更为合理。所建立的年代学模型为后期的气候环境演变研究提供了基础。根据Bacon程序所构建的年龄-深度模型结果,我们发现近千年来ZS2和BD1剖面处的平均沉积速率分别为0.86 mm?a~(-1)和1.26 mm?a~(-1)。采样点的沉积速率在一定程度上代表了岛屿的垂向生长速率,均低于当前海平面的平均上升速率。同时,鸟骨的~(14)C年龄也揭示了赵述岛海鸟活动时间应不晚于AD 1172—1290,而海鸟开始在北岛活动的时间则不晚于AD 984—1140。     

海洋真核微藻粒级结构及其环境影响因素

采用高通量测序-分子鉴定分级技术于2018年对大长山岛临近海域微藻粒级结构进行了研究,同时探讨了叶绿素a分级法测算微藻粒级结构的误差.结果发现,叶绿素a分级法测算微微型藻类（< 3μm）误差高达82%,严重低估了小粒径微藻的组成,分子鉴定分级法测算春季小粒径微藻生物量组成平均为86%,夏季平均为52%,秋季平均为20%.春季优势种抑食金球藻生物量占41%,夏季优势种金牛微球藻生物量占21%,这2种微微型藻类会严重影响滤食性贝类正常摄食生长,养殖风险较高.总氮、总磷、溶解硅等环境因子和贝类摄食的下行效应影响着该海域微藻粒级结构的变化.     

Achieving SDG 6: water resources sustainability in Caribbean Small Island Developing States through improved water governance

Scientific findings confirm that Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean are experiencing droughts and sea level rises that are contributing to saline intrusion of underground aquifers and surface water sources. This paper, using Trinidad as a case study, analyses water governance challenges in meeting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which addresses the sustainability of water resources. Interviews were conducted with professionals from multi‐disciplinary backgrounds. Also, data provided by the water agency were analysed to evaluate water governance practices. The main contribution of this paper is the generation of a blend of policies, good practices and tools to confront growing threats to water security and to attain sustainable development in Caribbean SIDS in an era of climate change and increasing non‐climatic stressors. The paper concludes that economic, environmental and human resources, reformed administrative and legislative systems, and technological tools are fundamental to achieving good water governance. Moreover, an array of complementary policies and technologies is needed to resolve water governance issues. However, political will to implement sustainable water resources management is the greatest challenge in attaining SDG 6.