基于可调二极管激光技术的汽车尾气遥感监测系统

汽车尾气排放已成为最主要的城市污染源之一。汽车尾气的遥感监测系统作为一种高效实时监测汽车正常运行状况下的尾气排放方法已越来越受到人们的广泛关注。本文主要介绍基于可调二极管激光(TDL)技术的汽车尾气遥感监测系统。首先介绍遥感监测系统的产生与发展以及TDL技术的基本原理,其次阐述遥感监测系统的组成、关键技术以及系统的优点,并分析遥感监测系统在国内外的应用现状,最后提出目前应用中尚待解决的若干关键技术问题。     

机动车尾气污染及防治对策研究

汽车是当今社会中人们最重要的代步工具,在人们的日常生活中占据着不可替代的位置。随着我国经济快速发展,城市机动车数量不断增加,导致尾气污染问题也日益严重,这不仅对大气质量造成了不良影响,同时也严重危害到了人们的身体健康。因此,机动车尾气污染问题必须得到有关部门高度重视,并且结合造成污染加剧的主要原因,找到机动车尾气污染防治的有效对策。本文将针对机动车尾气污染危害及防治对策进行分析。     

研发投入对我国上市环保企业绩效的影响分析

研发投入是技术创新的基础,而创新是一个企业的核心竞争力,直接影响企业的效益及发展。选取2016—2019年我国沪深两市环保行业61家上市公司连续4年的面板数据作为研究对象,采用多元回归分析的方法实证分析环保上市公司研发投入对公司绩效的影响,并分析研发投入的滞后效应。结果显示:研发资金投入强度在当期对公司绩效有负向作用,在滞后一期时与资产收益率呈正相关,滞后两期时与主营业务利润率呈正相关;而研发人员投入强度对企业绩效在当期就有促进作用。为促进企业高质量发展,应当加大研发资金长期性投入,提升研发人员创新能力,加强研发成果转化。     

跨座式单轨交通人身安全雷电防护分析

针对跨座式单轨交通列车遭受雷击时列车内的人员安全性,本文通过对列车内人员不接触与列车金属外壳直接连接的金属构件和接触与列车金属外壳直接连接的金属构件两种情况进行计算分析,得出第一种情况下,人员是完全安全的;第二种情况下,人员可能会有像蜜蜂刺痛或烟头灼痛的感觉,但不威胁生命安全。     

在用环卫车燃用F-T柴油的排放特征

为开展柴油车替代燃料示范应用工作,通过3辆国Ⅳ环卫车整车转鼓试验,详细考察了分别燃用京Ⅴ柴油和费托合成(F-T)柴油时的体积油耗和尾气排放特征。通过道路试验验证了在实际工作状态下15辆在用环卫车的体积油耗和排气烟度变化情况。转鼓试验结果表明：与京Ⅴ柴油相比,F-T柴油的体积油耗增加1.2%~4.7%,但CO₂排放量减少了0.2%~3.3%;CO、总碳氢（THC）排放水平较低,变化幅度不大;NO_x和PM排放量均有大幅降低,分别降低了14.8%~47.2%和46.5%~55.0%。道路验证试验结果表明：燃用F-T柴油时所测环卫车的体积油耗平均增加4.8%,尾气烟度平均下降28.9%。F-T柴油是较好的车用替代/补充燃料。     

土地资源的多级网格数据结构建立与应用研究

传统的基于行政区的土地统计数据不能完全表现区域内部土地利用的空间分异特征,以武汉市为实验区,对基于网格的统计信息算法STING(Statistical Information Grid-based method)进行扩展,以景观多样性指数为定量化指标对实验区进行四叉树划分生成不均匀多级网格,建立一种拟合了行政区划界线的不均匀的多级网格结构来存储、管理和分析土地数据。并以此多级网格数据结构为平台计算和生成实验区人口密度空间分异渲染图,初步抽取了人口分布与土地利用之间的关系。实验表明,基于多级网格的统计方法能更好地表达土地利用及其相关数据的空间分异性,利于对土地资源数据的进一步挖掘以抽取所需知识。     

Hydrological Connectivity Between Headwater Streams and Downstream Waters: How Science Can Inform Policy1

Abstract: In January 2001, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers exceeded its statutory authority by asserting Clean Water Act (CWA) jurisdiction over non‐navigable, isolated, intrastate waters based solely on their use by migratory birds. The Supreme Court’s majority opinion addressed broader issues of CWA jurisdiction by implying that the CWA intended some “connection” to navigability and that isolated waters need a “significant nexus” to navigable waters to be jurisdictional. Subsequent to this decision (SWANCC), there have been many lawsuits challenging CWA jurisdiction, many of which are focused on headwater, intermittent, and ephemeral streams. To inform the legal and policy debate surrounding this issue, we present information on the geographic distribution of headwater streams and intermittent and ephemeral streams throughout the U.S., summarize major findings from the scientific literature in considering hydrological connectivity between headwater streams and downstream waters, and relate the scientific information presented to policy issues surrounding the scope of waters protected under the CWA. Headwater streams comprise approximately 53% (2,900,000 km) of the total stream length in the U.S., excluding Alaska, and intermittent and ephemeral streams comprise approximately 59% (3,200,000 km) of the total stream length and approximately 50% (1,460,000 km) of the headwater stream length in the U.S., excluding Alaska. Hillslopes, headwater streams, and downstream waters are best described as individual elements of integrated hydrological systems. Hydrological connectivity allows for the exchange of mass, momentum, energy, and organisms longitudinally, laterally, vertically, and temporally between headwater streams and downstream waters. Via hydrological connectivity, headwater, intermittent and ephemeral streams cumulatively contribute to the functional integrity of downstream waters; hydrologically and ecologically, they are a part of the tributary system. As this debate continues, scientific input from multiple fields will be important for policymaking at the federal, state, and local levels and to inform water resource management regardless of the level at which those decisions are being made. Strengthening the interface between science, policy, and public participation is critical if we are going to achieve effective water resource management.     

铜锰型催化剂对低浓度乙醇的催化燃烧性能

乙醇汽油车尾气中除了传统汽油车的三大常规污染物（CO、NO_x和HCs）,还含有导致光化学烟雾和臭氧污染的醇醛类非常规有机物。采用共沉淀法制备了CuO_x、MnO_x和CuMnO_x催化剂用于乙醇汽油车冷启动排放的低浓度乙醇的催化燃烧,同时采用氮气吸附脱附技术（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对催化剂进行了表征。研究表明,CuMnO_x催化剂对低浓度乙醇具有较好的低温催化活性;当反应温度为185 ℃时,CO₂产率可达86%,优于单一的CuO_x催化剂（约20%）;同时,CuMnO_x比MnO_x具有较高的CO₂选择性。Cu、Mn之间的相互作用改变了催化剂的织构、结构和氧化性能,引起了催化剂表面晶貌和电子环境的变化,使得CuMnO_x催化剂表面具有大量的氧缺陷位,有利于氧分子在其表面的吸附,进而活化成表面活性氧物种。

     

上海市机动车发展的大气环境容量

研究了上海市机动车和固定源排放对环境中NOx 浓度的贡献率 ,采用ADMS Urban空气质量模型从环境容量角度提出上海市机动车发展的总量控制目标 .2 0 0 2年上海全市NOx 排放总量为 39 7× 10 4t/a ,其中中心城区机动车NOx 排放分担率81% ,浓度贡献率为 86 % .为实现 0 0 8mg/m3 年平均浓度容量控制目标 ,上海市机动车NOx 排放总量应控制在 3 5× 10 4t/a以下     

e-Serem – A Web-Based Manual For The Estimation of Emission Reductions From JI and CDM Projects

This paper presentse-SEREM (Smart Emission ReductionEstimation Manual), a cost-free, easilyaccessed and updated, web-based manual forestimating emission reductions from Joint Implementation (JI) andClean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. e-SEREM's main functions arethe selection of a benchmark for a specificproject type in the power or heat sectorand the calculation of the annual andcumulative emission reductions accrued bythis project for its crediting lifetime.e-SEREM was developed in order to test itsapplicability and practicality in assistingproject developers and evaluators toelaborate baselines easily and calculatethe emission credits earned by candidate JIor CDM projects hosted in several countries.