Polar organic tracers in PM2.5 aerosols from an inland background area in Southwest China: Correlations between secondary organic aerosol tracers and source apportionment

PM_(2.5) aerosol samples were collected over 12 hr and 24 hr intervals in an inland background area, Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve(hereafter shortened to Gongga), during the summer of 2011. Polar organic tracers, inorganic ions and meteorological data were measured. The purpose of this work was to investigate the variation patterns, formation and sources of the secondary organic aerosol tracers in the studied atmosphere. The average concentrations of isoprene oxidation products, α-pinene oxidation products, β-caryophyllinic acid, sugars, sugar alcohols and anhydrosugars were 88.6 ± 106.1, 3.6 ± 5.7,0.13 ± 0.30, 13.6 ± 13.1, 31.9 ± 31.4 and 14.8 ± 10.7 ng/m3 respectively in all aerosol samples.The aged α-pinene second organic aerosol(SOA) tracers(i.e., 3-hydroxyglutraric acid(3 HGA), 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylglutaric acid(HDMGA), 3-acetylpentandioic acid(APDA) and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid(MBTCA)) correlated significantly with each other in the 24 hr PM2.5 aerosol samples, indicating that OH· is the major factor controlling the formation of these α-pinene SOA tracers. Using the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model and the tracer-based source apportionment method, we calculated that isoprene oxidation products, α-pinene oxidation products, sesquiterpene oxidation products, biomass burning, fungi spores and anthropogenic SOA accounted for 21.9% ± 5.5%, 8.4% ± 2.1%, 3.0% ± 0.7%, 5.2% ± 5.3%, 5.0% ± 6.2% and 31.4% ± 7.8% of organic carbon respectively during the sampling period.     

吸水性还原性材料对煤自燃影响的实验研究

为了解决吸水性盐和还原性材料仅依靠其单一特性抑制煤自燃而抑制效果并不理想的问题,提出了利用羟甲基磺酸钠的吸水性和还原性来抑制煤自燃。将原煤-20%羟甲基磺酸钠通过对比原煤、原煤-20%MgCl2和原煤-20%VC,利用程序升温实验和FTIR测试来研究其抑制煤自燃的效果。研究结果表明:3种溶液处理煤均在一定程度上抑制了煤自燃,其中,20%羟甲基磺酸钠溶液对抑制煤低温氧化的效果最好,经过其处理的煤样表观活化能最大,同时,依靠其还原性很好地保护了煤中的亚甲基和羟基不被破坏,抑制煤自燃效果明显优于20%MgCl2溶液和20%VC溶液。     

煤自燃特性及自然发火预测预报指标体系研究

以梁宝寺矿3号煤层为背景,采用色谱吸氧法和氧化动力法对其自燃倾向性进行了对比分析。同时,通过煤氧化升温热解实验对其升温过程中各气体随温度的变化规律进行了分析,以实验所得和灰色关联分析所得定性和定量相结合的方式,优选出了不同温度阶段煤自然发火预测预报所对应的第一、第二和第三预测指标,建立了煤自然发火预测预报体系,为有效抑制该矿及同类矿井火灾的发生具有重要意义。     

电动力学-过硫酸钠氧化联用修复二氯苯污染土壤的研究

为解决氯苯污染场地的修复问题,尤其是受污染的低渗透介质的原位修复问题,以1,2-二氯苯、1,3-二氯苯、1,4-二氯苯为研究对象,采用电动力学-过硫酸钠氧化联用技术,并在阳极室添加Na2CO3/Na HCO3缓冲液来控制阳极p H,探讨了土壤中3种二氯苯的迁移和去除效果。实验结果表明:在外加1.5 V/cm恒定电压,以铁为阴阳电极,以5 mmol/L Na2S2O8溶液作阴阳电极液,阳极液含0.025 mol/L Na2CO3/Na HCO3缓冲液,运行5 d后,该联用技术对污染壤土中3种二氯苯的总去除效果较好且较为均匀,去除率均在75%以上。该方法对于原位修复受污染的低渗透介质具备可行性。     

Oxidation state specific analysis of arsenic species in tissues of wild-type and arsenic (+ 3 oxidation state) methyltransferase-knockout mice

Arsenic methyltransferase(As3mt) catalyzes the conversion of inorganic arsenic(i As) to its methylated metabolites, including toxic methylarsonite(MAs~Ⅲ) and dimethylarsinite(DMAs~Ⅲ). Knockout(KO) of As3 mt was shown to reduce the capacity to methylate i As in mice. However, no data are available on the oxidation states of As species in tissues of these mice. Here, we compare the oxidation states of As species in tissues of male C57BL/6 As3mt-KO and wild-type(WT) mice exposed to arsenite(iA s~Ⅲ) in drinking water. WT mice were exposed to50 mg/L As and As3mt-KO mice that cannot tolerate 50 mg/L As were exposed to 0, 15, 20, 25 or30 mg/L As. iA s~Ⅲaccounted for 53% to 74% of total As in liver, pancreas, adipose, lung, heart, and kidney of As3mt-KO mice; tri- and pentavalent methylated arsenicals did not exceed 10% of total As. Tissues of WT mice retained iA s and methylated arsenicals: iA s~Ⅲ, MAs~Ⅲand DMAs~Ⅲ represented 55%‐68% of the total As in the liver, pancreas, and brain. High levels of methylated species, particularly MAs~Ⅲ, were found in the intestine of WT, but not As3mt-KO mice,suggesting that intestinal bacteria are not a major source of methylated As. Blood of WT mice contained significantly higher levels of As than blood of As3mt-KO mice. This study is the first to determine oxidation states of As species in tissues of As3mt-KO mice. Results will help to design studies using WT and As3mt-KO mice to examine the role of iA s methylation in adverse effects of iA s exposure.     

An advanced anaerobic biofilter with effluent recirculation for phenol removal and methane production in treatment of coal gasification wastewater

An advanced anaerobic biofilter (AF) was introduced for the treatment of coal gasification wastewater (CGW), and effluent recirculation was adopted to enhance phenol removal and methane production. The results indicated that AF was reliable in treating diluted CGW, while its efficiency and stability were seriously reduced when directly treating raw CGW. However, its performance could be greatly enhanced by effluent recirculation. Under optimal effluent recirculation of 0.5 to the influent, concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phenol in the effluent could reach as low as 234.0 and 14.2 mg/L, respectively. Also, the rate of methane production reached 169.0 mL CH₄/L/day. Though CGW seemed to restrain the growth of anaerobic microorganisms, especially methanogens, the inhibition was temporary and reversible, and anaerobic bacteria presented strong tolerance. The activities of methanogens cultivated in CGW could quickly recover on feeding with glucose wastewater (GW). However, the adaptability of anaerobic bacteria to the CGW was very poor and the activity of methanogens could not be improved by long-term domestication. By analysis using the Haldane model, it was further confirmed that high effluent recirculation could result in high activity for hydrolytic bacteria and substrate affinity for toxic matters, but only suitable effluent recirculation could result in high methanogenic activity.     

过硫酸盐氧化与水泥固化稳定化协同修复苯胺污染土壤

为了快速高效地处理突发性事故造成的苯胺污染土壤,在水泥固化稳定化苯胺污染土壤时加入过硫酸盐和活性炭,评估固化稳定化产物中苯胺的浸出特征和降解机理. 结果表明:①过硫酸盐的加入可以快速有效地去除污染土壤中高浓度(10 g/kg)的苯胺,当反应时间为10 min、过硫酸盐添加量为1.0 eq(即过硫酸盐与土壤中苯胺的摩尔浓度比为1.0)时,处理后土壤中苯胺残留量为1 345 mg/kg;过硫酸盐添加量为2.0 eq时,苯胺残留量为43 mg/kg,反应时间对苯胺的去除效率影响不大,碱性条件有利于苯胺的降解. ②过硫酸盐-活性炭-水泥复合固化稳定化剂可以有效固化稳定化高浓度苯胺污染土壤,过硫酸盐的加入可以有效氧化土壤中的苯胺,是浸出液中ρ(苯胺)降低的主要因素;活性炭的加入可以进一步吸附残留的苯胺及降解产物,使浸出液中ρ(TOC)大幅降低;水泥水化产生的强碱性和温度升高有助于过硫酸盐对苯胺的氧化降解. ③苯胺氧化降解产物分析发现,偶氮苯、苯酚和联苯胺是苯胺的主要降解产物.      

过渡金属元素掺杂改性SCR对零价汞的催化氧化性能

为提高商用SCR催化剂对Hg0(零价汞)的催化氧化活性,研究了过渡金属对其进行掺杂改性的方法,并利用固定床反应平台考察了不同试验条件下改性催化剂对Hg0的氧化效率. 结果表明:Y、Zn、Ni和Zr等过渡金属的掺杂可明显抑制SCR催化剂的催化活性,而Fe、Cu掺杂改性SCR催化剂对Hg0的催化氧化性能有显著提升. 在反应温度为350 ℃、空速比为370 000 h-1、φ(HCl)为1×10-5的条件下,Fe、Cu掺杂改性的SCR催化剂对Hg0的氧化效率均能达到90%以上,并且Fe掺杂改性后的SCR催化剂的脱硝性能也未受到明显影响. 借助XRD和XPS等表征手段,对反应前后Fe掺杂改性SCR催化剂进行了研究,表明Fe改性SCR催化剂遵循Mars-Maessen和Langmuir-Hinshelwood机制,可明显提高对Hg0的催化氧化效率,因此,应用前景较好.      

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的培养及影响因素

在EGSB反应器中快速启动厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺,总氮去除速率为0.931±0.006 kg/(m~3·d),总氮去除效率为90.5%±0.8%。培养得到厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥和絮状污泥混合物,污泥平均粒径为307.5μm。高质量浓度的NO_2~-(143.25 mg/L)抑制厌氧氨氧化菌活性;N_2H_4可强化厌氧氨氧化,但高质量浓度的N_2H_4抑制厌氧氨氧化菌活性;短期添加丙酸盐(COD质量浓度0~400 mg/L)对厌氧氨氧化速率几乎无影响;厌氧氨氧化速率随Fe~(3+)浓度(0~1.2 mmol/L)的增加而增加。