大港油田含油污泥热解处理实验研究

采用热解法对含油污泥进行处理.经过筛选,选取活性白土作为催化剂,分别研究反应时间、反应温度、加热速率和氮气吹扫量对热解处理效果的影响.4个影响因素对液相收率的影响顺序为:氮气吹扫量＞反应温度＞反应时间＞加热速率;对反应转化率的影响顺序为:反应温度＞反应时间＞氮气吹扫量＞加热速率.实验理想的反应参数为:反应时间60min,反应温度490℃,加热速率4℃/min,氮气吹扫量90 mL/min.     

油田作业废水臭氧化处理技术的实验研究

针对油田作业废水(COD)高、难降解的特点,探讨了废水的pH、COD初始浓度、臭氧投加量和臭氧化时间等因素对油田作业废水的COD去除效果的影响。结果表明,臭氧化对油田作业废水COD去除效果影响的主要因素为废水pH、废水的COD和臭氧投加量;当废水的COD为1064.0mg/L、pH为3.0、臭氧投加量为10g/L时,废水的COD去除率达到69.1%;臭氧化处理对低浓度油田作业废水的COD去除效果低于其对高浓度废水的处理效果。     

渗滤液中有机物在不同氧化还原带中的降解机理与效率研究

通过土柱模拟实验研究了垃圾渗滤液中的有机污染物在地下环境中的降解机理和效率.结果表明,铁还原带对有机污染物的降解起重要作用,平均降解效率达86.24％,其次是氧还原带、硝酸盐还原带、硫酸盐还原带和产甲烷带,分别平均达到75.93％、79.81％、74.02％和65.09％;厌氧还原环境可能对苯并噻唑、安替吡啉、茚等物质的降解起重要作用;萘、环己酮、部分环烷烃等不易被微生物降解;不同污染物在不同氧化还原带中的最大降解效率也不同,如1,1,1-三氯乙烷和邻二甲苯在硫酸盐还原带中的降解效率最高,分别为80％和71.43％;三氯乙烯和MTBE则在硝酸盐还原带中的降解效率最高,分别为81.25％和92.58％;而苯在硫酸盐还原带和铁还原带中均被全部降解.     

双极荷电静电除尘器收集高比电阻微尘的实验

根据粉尘层反电晕现象分析,提出在接地收尘极板上布置芒刺反电晕放电极的双极电晕静电除尘器,这种双极电晕静电除尘器能避免粉尘层的反电晕。在平均场强约3.4kV/cm时,采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)测得电场内正、负离子风的核心区风速约2m/s。实验表明,离子风对收集微细粉尘有很好的促进作用。在常温常压下,平均场强为3.4kV/cm、气流速度在0.5～2.0m/s的范围内,对质量中位径为0.159μm、比电阻为2.4×1014Ω.cm的硅微粉的电除尘效率测定结果表明,双极荷电静电除尘器的除尘效率高于单极荷电静电除尘器。观察发现,由于接地芒刺的存在,即使对于比电阻高达2.4×1014Ω.cm的硅微粉,沉积在双极荷电静电除尘器收尘极板上的粉饼没有出现反电晕。     

可燃垃圾的焚烧热值分析

可燃垃圾即城市垃圾中不易降解、可燃的有机废物。为寻求城市垃圾高效利用途径,选取可燃垃圾热值的主要影响因素:焚烧原料、破碎粒度、含水率,安排正交试验,通过正交分析,得出各因素对可燃垃圾热值的贡献率:焚烧原料>含水率>破碎粒度;并得出实验材料的最大的热值组合,即未破碎塑料类、自然风干状态,热值为3.902×104 kJ/kg。     

快速城市化地区土地利用效益评价--以南京市江宁区为例

作为衡量土地利用可持续性的重要标度,土地利用效益评价是近年来国内外城市土地研究的热点之一。从社会、经济、生态与环境等四方面建立了快速城市化地区土地利用效益评价的指标体系,利用层次分析法确定各指标权重,构建各效益子系统的协调度评价模型。并对南京市江宁区2003年的土地利用效益进行了综合评价,结果表明,全区总体土地利用效益适中且基本协调,但各乡镇间土地利用效益及其协调性的区域差异显著。依据各乡镇土地利用总效益及其协调度的聚类分级,可将全区划分为土地利用高效协调区、高效基本协调区、高效不协调区、中效协调区、中效基本协调区、中效不协调区与低效基本协调区等七大土地利用效益类型区,并分析了其区域差异的空间特征。     

我国开发区土地资源配置效率的区域差异研究

应用比较优势理论，以国家级53个经济技术开发区为例。研究了不同区域间开发区土地利用的比较优势。结果表明。按照区域土地利用的比较优势来配置土地资源能够提高土地利用的总福利水平。整体上．中西部国家级开发区的比较优势高于东部地区：而区域内部东部地区的京津苏沪及中西部地区的中心城市在开发区建设用地的利用上具有比较优势。因此，按照开发区土地利用的比较优势度计算结果，在排除开发区自身发育不完善和管理层面因素后，对于确实不适宜进行开发区工业建设的应进行空间布局的调整，恢复其农业生产；而对于比较优势度较高的地区可根据实际需要增设相应的开发区。以实现耕地保护与开发区建设的双赢。     

消防水幕衰减火灾热辐射的实验研究

通过全尺寸消防水幕衰减火灾热辐射实验,分析了火灾空间烟气温度的分布,探讨了喷头流量和压力、设置高度、喷头类型和布置方式对水幕衰减辐射热能力的影响,获得了不同工况下消防水幕的隔热效率.在此基础上,结合消防水幕的工程设计参数,揭示了消防水幕在不同的设置条件下隔热效率的变化规律.研究结果对于优化消防水幕设计提高隔热效率具有理论和实践上的指导意义.     

Analysis of bacterial community structures in two sewage treatment plants with different sludge properties and treatment performance by nested PCR-DGGE method

The bacterial community structures in two sewage treatment plants with different processes and performance were investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） of nested polymerase chain reaction （nested PCR） amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments with group-specific primers. Samples of raw sewage and treated effluents were amplified using the whole-cell PCR method, and the activated sludge samples were amplified using the extracted genomic DNA before the PCR products were loaded on the same DGGE gel for bacterial community analysis. Ammonia-oxidizing bacterial and actinomycetic community analysis were also carried out to investigate the relationship between specific population structures and system or sludge performance. The two plants demonstrated a similarity in bacterial community structures of raw sewage and activated sludge, but they had different effluent populations. Many dominant bacterial populations of raw sewage did not appear in the activated sludge samples, suggesting that the dominant bacterial populations in raw sewage might not play an important role during wastewater treatment. Although the two plants had different sludge properties in terms of settleability and foam forming ability, they demonstrated similar actinomycetic community structures. For activated sludge with bad settling performance, the treated water presented a similar DGGE pattern with that of activated sludge, indicating the nonselective washout of bacteria from the system. The plant with better ammonium removal efficiency showed higher ammonia-oxidizing bacteria species richness. Analysis of sequencing results showed that the major populations in raw sewage were uncultured bacterium, while in activated sludge the predominant populations were beta proteobacteria.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.