大气中多环芳烃气/粒分配的不确定性分析

于2010年8月10～14日用双层石英膜和双层聚氨酯泡沫（PUF）的方法采集并分析了厦门大学海洋楼顶大气中气态和颗粒态多环芳烃（PAHs）,并采用标准误差传递方法对气/粒分配系数（K_p）的不确定度进行了分析.测量结果显示,低分子量PAHs如萘、 苊、 二氢苊和芴在PUF吸附体系中的穿透能力最强,穿透率接近50％;如考虑第一层石英滤膜对气态萘、 苊和二氢苊的吸附影响,则校正后的K_p值比校正前相应的K_p值低1个数量级以上.采用标准误差传递方法得到PAHs气/粒分配系数K_p的不确定度,介于28.14%～50.37%之间,且表现为易挥发和难挥发性PAHs的K_p值皆具有较高的不确定度,而半挥发性PAHs的K_p值的不确定度则较小.K_p值的不确定度来源分析显示,气态PAHs浓度的不确定度的影响最大（方差贡献均值=77.9％）,其次为颗粒态PAHs浓度的不确定度（方差贡献均值=22.0％）,大气颗粒物浓度的不确定度影响最小（方差贡献均值=0.1％）.因此,选择合适的采样系统以获取更加准确的气态PAHs的浓度,是提高PAHs气/粒分配系数准确度的关键.     

Side biases in humans (Homo sapiens): three ecological studies on hemispheric asymmetries

Hemispheric asymmetries and side biases have been studied in humans mostly in laboratory settings, and evidence obtained in naturalistic settings is scarce. We here report the results of three studies on human ear preference observed during social interactions in noisy environments, i.e., discotheques. In the first study, a spontaneous right-ear preference was observed during linguistic exchange between interacting individuals. This lateral bias was confirmed in a quasi-experimental study in which a confederate experimenter evoked an ear-orienting response in bystanders, under the pretext of approaching them with a whispered request. In the last study, subjects showed a greater proneness to meet an experimenter’s request when it was directly addressed to the right rather than the left ear. Our findings are in agreement both with laboratory studies on hemispheric lateralization for language and approach/avoidance behavior in humans and with animal research. The present work is one of the few studies demonstrating the natural expression of hemispheric asymmetries, showing their effect in everyday human behavior.     

改进的生活事件分析法在铁路安全管理中的应用

在介绍生活事件分析法以及分析该法不足的基础上,从持续影响时间、多事件影响叠加、生活事件统计时间范围等方面对其进行了改进,并通过实例验证了改进的生活事件分析法的有效性,为铁路管理部门对人因事故的控制及预防提供了新的思路.     

Truncation errors in finite difference models for solute transport equation with first-order reaction

The truncation errors associated with finite difference solutions of the advection-dispersion equation with first-order reaction are formulated from a Taylor analysis. The error expressions are based on a general form of the corresponding difference equation and a temporally and spatially weighted parametric approach is used for differentiating among the various finite difference schemes. The numerical truncation errors are defined using Peclet and Courant numbers and a new Sink/Source dimensionless number. It is shown that all of the finite difference schemes suffer from truncation errors. In particular it is shown that the Crank–Nicolson approximation scheme does not have second order accuracy for this case. The effects of these truncation errors on the solution of an advection–dispersion equation with a first order reaction term are demonstrated by comparison with an analytical solution. The results show that these errors are not negligible and that correcting the finite difference scheme for them results in a more accurate solution.     

小型区域形状规整性对环境噪声测量误差的影响分析

本文通过对小型区规整性与环境噪声抽样测量误差的讨论,提出了区域形状的改变对抽样测量误差的影响状况。     

Honeybees modify gustatory responsiveness after receiving nectar from foragers within the hive

Food quality is a relevant characteristic to be transferred within eusocial insect colonies because its evaluation improves the collective foraging efficiency. In honeybees, colony mates could directly acquire this resource characteristic during trophallactic encounters with nectar foragers. In the present study, we focused on the gustatory responsiveness of bees that have unloaded food from incoming foragers. The sugar sensitivity of receiver bees was assessed in the laboratory by using the proboscis extension response paradigm. After unloading, hive bees were captured either from a colony that foraged freely in the environmental surroundings or from a colony that foraged at an artificial feeder with a known sucrose solution. In the first situation, the sugar sensitivity of the hive bees negatively correlated with the sugar concentration of the nectar crops brought back by forager mates. Similarly, in the controlled situation, the highest sucrose concentration the receivers accepted during trophallaxis corresponded to the highest thresholds to sucrose. The results indicate that first-order receivers modify their sugar sensitivity according to the quality of the food previously transferred through trophallaxis by the incoming foragers. In addition, trophallaxis is a mechanism capable of transferring gustatory information in honeybees. Its implications at a social scale might involve changes in the social information as well as in nectar distribution within the colony.     

机组资源管理与飞行不安全行为关系的研究

通过对89起机组为主要原因的运输飞行事故征候进行分析,以卡方分析探讨CRM失效与飞行机组的不安全行为之间具有很强的关联性,即飞行机组沟通不当、情景意识削弱或丧失、不当决策与决策差错之间,机组沟通不当与违规之间显著关联;而且,这几方面的CRM失效正确预测对应飞行不安全行为的比例介于9.4%～43.8%之间,达到显著水平。研究以定量化的方式揭示出机组资源管理技能与飞行不安全行为之间的内部关系模式。也就是说,机组沟通不当、情景意识下降或丧失、决策过程不当与其决策错误显著关联,沟通不当与机组违规显著关联。研究结果对于CRM训练设计与制订飞行不安全行为干预策略具有应用价值。     

天平的不等臂性对测试的影响

天平是一种重要的试验室检测仪器,在个体防护用品的检验工作中同样不可或缺,比如防护服的透气量测试、旋转辊筒法对防护鞋外底磨耗量的检测等,都会用到天平。本文主要从产生天平不等臂的原因及不等臂的检测、不等臂的调整等方面,简要论述了天平的正确性对测量的影响。     

煤矿生产事故的行为致因路径及其防控对策

论述煤矿生产事故的直接致因要素及其管理者和员工责任,分析煤矿生产事故的行为致因路径,提出相应的防控对策。分析指出,员工应该对煤矿生产过程中机和环的不安全状态负主要责任,其不安全行为是造成煤矿生产事故的直接行为因素;管理者应该对员工的不安全行为负主要责任,其不良管理行为是造成煤矿生产事故的根本行为因素;存在从不良管理者行为、到不安全员工行为、再到煤矿生产事故的行为致因链条。只有优化管理者行为、减少员工不安全行为并监控机或环状态,才能从根本上切断煤矿生产事故的行为致因链条,逐渐减少煤矿生产事故的发生。     

人失误模型在防止变电所检修事故中的应用

针对变电所检修事故的特点,认为人失误是导致该类事故发生的主要原因。运用安全人机工程学基本原理,分析了变电所检修过程中人失误产生的原因,在研究了以人失误为主因的事故模型基础上,进一步从人的特性、人机功能的分配、人机界面的设计、安全管理和环境因素五个方面人手构建了以人失误为主因的变电所检修事故模型,基于该模型提出了有效、合理的避免或减少变电所检修事故的五点对策措施。以期能为变电所检修事故的预防起到积极的指导作用。