改性松针对水体中铅(II)的吸附

探讨了改性松针(GXLsp)作为吸附剂对水体中铅离子的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、溶液pH值、吸附剂用量、盐离子浓度、Pb(II)初始浓度及温度对改性松针吸附Pb(II)的影响。利用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合分析,结果表明,Freundlich等温线模型能很好地描述松针对Pb(II)的吸附过程。热力学参数表明吸附是一个自发的吸热过程。改性松针对铅的吸附行为符合拟二级动力学方程,表明吸附过程是以化学吸附为主。在293K时松针对Pb(II)的饱和吸附量为318.3 mg/g,因此,GXLsp可作为一种高效低值生物质吸附剂以去除水体中重金属Pb(II)的污染。     

废弃油基钻井液提取柴油剩余废弃物无害化处理研究

针对废弃油基钻井液中柴油回收过程产生的泥渣、废水、废白土和酸碱废渣具有高色度、高pH、高COD和高石油类的特点,通过优化实验得出了一步法无害化处理废弃混合物的最佳固化配方:水泥和粉煤灰加量分别为12.5%,激活剂SG加量1.5%,促凝剂LSL加量1.5%,石灰加量1%。在最佳固化配方下,固化体浸出液的各主要污染指标都符合《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准,固化成本约100元/m3,与分别处理废渣、废液相比,其处理成本可降低约20%。     

铁碳微电解预处理汽车电泳涂装废水

采用铁碳微电解法对汽车电泳涂装废水进行处理,研究其处理效果及COD降解动力学。结果表明,进水pH≤4时,铁碳微电解的处理效果影响因素依次为铁碳反应次数、反应时间、进水pH。COD降解率随微电解反应时间的增加而升高,随反应次数的增加而降低,之后趋向稳定。当进水pH=3,反应时间90~150 min时,铁碳微电解的处理效果可稳定在40%左右。同时通过模拟分析,汽车电泳涂装废水COD降解动力学符合三级反应动力学模型。     

潜流式湿地系统停留时间分布实验结果分析

鉴于水力停留时间对人工湿地系统处理效果和构建设计的重要性,通过示踪实验测定了潜流式湿地系统的停留时间分布,结合反应器理论,对实验测定的不同进水流量范围的停留时间响应结果,分别以多釜串联模型以及移位正态分布函数进行拟合,并进一步对系统的水力平均停留时间、系统的流动形态以及非理想性进行了分析和讨论,为湿地系统的水力学优化设计和实际运行提供理论基础和技术参数.     

城市固体废物管理源头政策调控系统动力学模型

把城市居民固体废弃物源头调控政策、居民的废弃物分类行为与固体废弃物处置管理系统看成动态演化的反馈系统.在固体废弃物从量收费政策和法规政策影响下,采用系统动力学模型分析居民参与废弃物管理的行为对整个废弃物管理系统的动态影响.用开发的昆明城市同体废弃物系统动力学模型对3种设定的政策情景进行了仿真.结果表明:要实现同体废弃物处置与管理的可持续发展,必须在源头上通过收费和法规等政策促使居民参加到废弃物管理系统中,注重提高资源化和无害化能力的同时,要加强源头减量和回收的力度,减少废弃物的非法处置.     

菜用大豆和豌豆中腈菌唑残留动态研究

采用气相色谱法及田间试验方法研究菜用大豆、豌豆中残留腈菌唑的消解动态,并进行腈菌唑安全使用技术示范试验.结果表明,菜用大豆、豌豆中残留腈菌唑的消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,原始沉积量与施用量、施药次数密切相关.早季菜用大豆中腈菌唑的消解系数︱k︱=0 216 5±0 000 2,半衰期DT50为3 2 d,消解99%所需时间T99为21 2～21 3 d; 晚季中︱k︱=0 200 85±0 008 85,DT50为3 3～3 6 d,T99为22 0～24 0 d.豌豆中腈菌唑的消解系数︱k︱=0 195 35±0 000 75,DT50为3 5～3 6 d,T99为23 5～23 7 d.研究表明,对菜用大豆施药1次或间隔7 d连续施药2次,末次施药25 d后样品中腈菌唑最高残留量为0 013 mg/kg; 对豌豆施药1次或间隔7 d连续施药2次,末次施药20 d后样品中腈菌唑最高残留量为0 015 mg/kg,低于日本、美国及欧盟规定的MRL标准.     

DNAPL distribution in the source zone: effect of soil structure and uncertainty reduction with increased sampling density

This paper focuses on parameters describing the distribution of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) contaminants and investigates the variability of these parameters that results from soil heterogeneity. In addition, it quantifies the uncertainty reduction that can be achieved with increased density of soil sampling. Numerical simulations of DNAPL releases were performed using stochastic realizations of hydraulic conductivity fields generated with the same geostatistical parameters and conditioning data at two sampling densities, thus generating two simulation ensembles of low and high density (three-fold increase) of soil sampling. The results showed that DNAPL plumes in aquifers identical in a statistical sense exhibit qualitatively different patterns, ranging from compact to finger-like. The corresponding quantitative differences were expressed by defining several alternative measures that describe the DNAPL plume and computing these measures for each simulation of the two ensembles. The uncertainty in the plume features under study was affected to different degrees by the variability of the soil, with coefficients of variation ranging from about 20% to 90%, for the low-density sampling. Meanwhile, the increased soil sampling frequency resulted in reductions of uncertainty varying from 7% to 69%, for low- and high-uncertainty variables, respectively. In view of the varying uncertainty in the characteristics of a DNAPL plume, remedial designs that require estimates of the less uncertain features of the plume may be preferred over others that need a more detailed characterization of the source zone architecture.     

Experience in establishing a natural standard for analyzing the dynamics of taiga ecosystems

Experience in organizing a natural reference area (standard) for studies on the functional dynamics of ecosystems in connection with paludification and forest-bog relationships is described. The essence of studies on ecosystem dynamics with the aid of natural standards and key plots is described using an example of the Yenisei region of Western Siberia. Arguments are presented for the necessity of using a differential approach to studies on the dynamics of nature and taking into account local ecological conditions while extrapolating the results of these studies to other geographic regions.     

Specific features of the oribatid fauna in high-mountain pine forests of the Eastern Caucasus in relation to altitudinal zonality

The abundance, structure, and distribution of oribatid communities in high-mountain pine forest biotopes of the Eastern Caucasus are described in dependence on elevation above sea level. The oribatid fauna of high-mountain pine forests proved to be characterized by high abundance, an assortment of dominants, and species richness. It was shown that, as the elevation increases, specific dominants typical of particular altitudinal zones appear in communities, and changes in the mass species occur. These species are stable in terms of their long-term dynamics, and zonal groups (communities) demonstrate a high species diversity.     

区域社会经济发展与生态环境耦合关系研究模型的比较分析

社会经济发展与环境资源相协调是可持续发展的重要途径,判断当前区域社会经济发展与生态环境间的耦合关系是建立有效协调机制的关键。本文从发展、机理方法和应用实例等方面系统介绍了目前在社会经济发展与生态环境之间耦合关系研究中主要的3类模型:计量经济学模型(环境库兹涅茨曲线)、耦合度定量判断模型(包括灰色关联度分析和数理模型)和系统动力学模型。通过3类模型机理和应用情况的对照分析,总结各自优劣势,并认为具有多情景分析和多方案执行评估能力的神经网络模型将成为未来发展趋势。