Daily Bank Erosion Rates in the Lower Yellow River Before and After Dam Construction

During the period of water impoundment and sediment detention of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, riverbank erosion processes played a key role in the channel evolution of the Lower Yellow River (LYR). However, research into bank erosion rates of the LYR has been neglected due to the lack of direct field monitoring. In this study, an indirect method is proposed to determine bank erosion rates at daily time scales by outlining a detailed calculation procedure using measured hydrological data. A total of 810 data points of daily bank erosion rates before and after the construction of Sanmenxia Dam was calculated at seven hydrometric sections along the LYR, with the corresponding values of the bank stability coefficient and the width‐to‐depth ratio also being calculated. Empirical relations were then developed to estimate the daily bank erosion rates, using these parameters at the sections. Temporal and spatial variability in daily bank erosion rates in the LYR before and after dam construction were also investigated, revealing that: (1) the bank erosion rates had a mean value of 16.7‐29.1 m/day in the braided reach, with a maximum value of 290.0 m/day, while they were relatively low in the meandering reach, with a mean value of 2.5 m/day; (2) the erosion rates before dam construction were slightly greater than those after dam construction, with the difference reaching 5‐10 m/day in the braided reach, decreasing in the transitional reach gradually, and being slight in the meandering reach.     

Upstream Sediment‐Control Dams: Five Decades of Experience in the Rapidly Eroding Dahan River Basin,Taiwan

Sedimentation is emerging as a key issue in sustainable reservoir management. One approach to controlling reservoir sedimentation is to trap sediment in hydraulic structures upstream of the reservoir. In the 1,163‐km² catchment of the Dahan River (Taiwan) over 120 “sabo” dams were built to reduce sediment yield to Shihmen Reservoir. Built in 1963 for water supply, Shihmen has lost over 40% of its 290‐Mm³ storage capacity to sedimentation. Most of these upstream structures were small, but three had capacities >9 Mm³. Field measurements and historical data from the Water Resources Agency show most smaller dams had filled with sediment by 1976. The three largest were full or nearly so by 2007, when one (Barlin Dam) failed, releasing a pulse of 7.5 Mm³, most of its 10.4 Mm³ stored sediment downstream. The Central Range of Taiwan is rapidly eroding (denudation rates 3‐6 mm/yr), so geologically high loads make sediment problems manifest sooner. Even in other environments, however, eventually small dams built upstream of large reservoirs are likely to fill themselves, creating multiple small sediment‐filled reservoirs, some located in sites inaccessible to mechanical removal. Our analysis suggests sabo dams do not offer a long‐term basis for controlling reservoir sedimentation in such a high‐sediment yield environment. Sustainable solutions must somehow pass sediment downstream, as would be accomplished by a sediment bypass around Shihmen Reservoir, as now being studied.     

Mechanical recycling of EOL concrete into high-grade aggregates

Recycling End of Life (EOL) concrete into high-grade aggregate for new concrete is a challenging prospect for the building sector because of the competing constraints of low recycling process cost and high aggregate product quality. A further complicating factor is that, from the perspective of the environment, there is a strong societal drive to reduce bulk transport of building materials in urban environments, and to apply more in situ recycling technologies for Construction & Demolition Waste. The European C2CA project investigates a combination of smart demolition, grinding of the crushed concrete in an autogenous mill to increase the liberation of cement mortar from the surface of aggregates and a novel dry classification technology called ADR to remove the fines. The feasibility of this recycling process was examined in a demonstration project involving 20,000 tons of EOL concrete from two office towers in Groningen, the Netherlands. Results show that the +4 mm recycled aggregate compares favorably with natural aggregate in terms of workability and the compressive strength of the new concrete, showing 30% higher strength after 7 days.     

植被混凝土在官地水电站的试验分析

本文主要对官地水电站高陡边坡植被混凝土前期绿化试验成果进行分析,以寻求在干湿季节明显、雨量集中、干旱季节漫长、温度高、蒸发量大等干热河谷气候特征条件下的最佳生境构筑方法,为官地水电站乃至雅砻江流域水电工程高陡边坡生态恢复提供技术依据。     

某热电厂灰坝工程坝坡稳定性分析

某热电厂灰坝由粘聚力较小的石渣填筑,而粘聚力较小的砂粘土、砂土、砾石、碎石等筑成的土坡、大坝,边坡破坏时其破裂面近似平面,在横断面上近似直线.利用此理论,在有渗水和无渗水作用时对该灰坝外侧坝坡进行稳定性分析.     

Properties of concrete paving blocks made with waste marble

Marble industry produces large amounts of waste marble - what causes environmental problems. In paving blocks based on two cement types we have partly replaced aggregate with waste marble. Physical and mechanical tests were performed on blocks so produced. The cement type turns out to be an important factor. Mechanical strength decreases with increasing marble content while freeze-thaw durability and abrasive wear resistance increase. Waste marble is well usable instead of the usual aggregate in the concrete paving block production.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区生态风险时空动态及其风险分区—以陕西省米脂县为例

目前,黄土丘陵沟壑区等生态脆弱区生态风险评估已成为地理学与生态学应对生态系统管理的研究热点之一。以黄土丘陵沟壑区米脂县为研究区,构建“风险概率—敏感性—损失度”（PSI）的三维评价框架,并以子流域为评价单元进行数据整合,分析了米脂县2009-2015年准则层与综合生态风险的时空分异及其重心转移,并基于风险主导因子给出米脂县风险防范分区及降险对策。结果如下：（1）2009-2015年风险概率分别为49.93%、52.92%,有上升趋势;生境敏感性分别为0.61、0.60,下降了1.6%,生境质量趋好;损失度分别为0.42、0.46,损失度增加。（2）生态风险呈现中间高南北低的空间分布;研究期间生态风险值分别为0.14、0.15,风险有所升高;风险重心向西南转移跃入银州川道且风险演化主体方向为西北—东南走向。（3）风险预警区、生态恢复区、预警恢复兼顾区、自然调控区面积占比分别为7.53%、6.57%、23.86%、62.04%。基于风险主导因子的风险防范分区可有效进行风险消解,促进区域生境的可持续。     

太行山脉不同量级降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征

基于太行山脉及其周边地区76个气象监测站点1954-2016年逐日降雨数据,建立了基于不同量级侵蚀性年降雨量模拟年降雨侵蚀力的简易模型,并采用气候倾向率、小波周期分析、重心模型、Co-Kriging插值、Mann-kendall非参数趋势检验以及突变分析等方法,分析了不同量级降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）太行山脉地区年降雨侵蚀力简易模型为y=0.182x₁^1.095+5.463x₂^0.982+9.401x₃^1.017+15.258x₄-26.753,且多年降雨侵蚀力呈小幅上升趋势,10年间上升了2.4 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1·a^-1,同时存在约20年的主周期和6年的小周期变化,并在1996年发生显著突变;中雨和大雨侵蚀力63年间均呈上升趋势,而暴雨和特大降雨侵蚀力呈下降趋势;春秋两季主要受中雨和大雨侵蚀力的影响,而夏季则主要受特大降雨侵蚀力的影响。（2）太行山脉地区各量级降雨侵蚀力最大值主要分布于太行山脉东南部以及五台山地区,最小值主要分布于地区的东北部;运用重心模型发现各量级降雨侵蚀力重心在春夏季节整体向东部以及东北部地区进行迁移,而秋冬季节则向南部以及西南地区迁移,形成一个循环,且与冬夏季风的控制时间相符。（3）太行山脉地区不同量级降雨侵蚀力与侵蚀性降雨量均呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,大雨和特大降雨侵蚀力分别与纬度、海拔呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,这主要与副热带高压移动、地形、海拔以及自然地理环境等因素有关。     

中国典型城市PM2.5浓度时空演绎规律及影响因素分析

为探讨空气中ρ（PM_2.5）的空间集聚特征和气候、大气成分变量对空气中ρ（PM_2.5）的影响,利用首批纳入PM_2.5监测的74个城市的ρ（PM_2.5）数据计算Moran's I指数,并选取其中38个典型城市进行计量分析.在基于引力模型的空间权重矩阵基础上,构建面板数据SDM（空间面板杜宾模型）.结果表明:ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（SO₂）、ρ（CO）、ρ（O₃）、RH（relative humidity,相对湿度）与城市ρ（PM_2.5）呈正相关,而T（temperature,温度）和WS（wind speed,风速）与城市ρ（PM_2.5）呈负相关;ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（CO）、RH是位于前3位影响城市ρ（PM_2.5）的关键性因素,其总效应分别为0.720 1、0.241 7、0.133 9.地理上邻近城市ρ（PM_2.5）具有明显的外部空间溢出效应,即邻近城市ρ（PM_2.5）每增加10百分点,将导致该地区ρ（PM_2.5）增长6.12百分点.300 km左右是保证PM_2.5区域"联防联控"最佳效果的最大门槛距离,超过该门槛距离,区域"联防联控"的力度和效果会随着距离的增加而逐渐减弱;当门槛距离大于500 km时,ρ（PM_2.5）的空间自相关性不显著.气候变量中,RH和ρ（PM_2.5）呈同方向变化,而T、WS与ρ（PM_2.5）呈反方向变化.研究显示,关注单一地区或单一因素（气候或大气成分）均不能有效控制PM_2.5污染,在保持经济稳定增长的前提下,各地治理PM_2.5应从调整产业结构、优化能源结构、完善防控机制等多个维度共同推进,促使经济增长方式早日从"粗放型"向"集约型"转变.      

用有限元强度折减法求解坝坡抗滑稳定安全系数

通过对有限元强度折减法的理论研究,将此法应用到尾矿坝的静力稳定计算中.采用有限元强度折减法和极限平衡法对某尾矿坝进行了坝坡抗滑稳定安全系数的计算,计算结果表明,在应用有限元强度折减法时,采用不同的D-P准则计算出的滑动面基本相同且与传统方法相近,其中D-P3准则计算的安全系数更加接近瑞典圆弧法.因此应用有限元强度折减法求解尾矿坝静力稳定安全系数是可行的,同时说明有限元法可以较好的模拟实际工程中的复杂几何断面形状和材料非线性等问题.