互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地CH4排放的影响

为了探讨互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地CH₄排放的影响以及入侵至不同潮位对CH₄排放影响程度的差异及其可能机制,采用邻近互花米草与土著植物群落相配对的试验设计,在长江口东滩湿地的高潮滩和低潮滩各设置1条样线.结果表明,与土著植物相比,互花米草入侵显著增加了长江河口湿地的植物生物量,显著增加了土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、总氮含量、微生物碳和氮含量.高潮滩互花米草群落年均CH₄排放强度为（0.68±0.08）mg/（m²·h）,显著高于芦苇群落（0.21±0.01）mg/（m²·h）,低潮滩互花米草和海三棱藨草群落年均CH₄排放速率分别为（8.31±0.50）和（3.93±0.18）mg/（m²·h）,前者显著高于后者.此外,高潮滩互花米草与芦苇群落之间年均CH₄排放强度的差异为（0.47±0.08）mg/（m²·h）,显著低于低潮滩互花米草与海三棱藨草群落之间年均CH₄排放强度的差异（4.37±0.48）mg/（m²·h）.上述结果表明,互花米草入侵通过改善CH₄产生所需底物的质和量,增加土壤含水量和微生物的量,从而显著增加了长江河口湿地CH₄排放量.互花米草入侵至低潮滩增加的CH₄排放量是互花米草入侵至高潮滩的10倍左右,表明互花米草入侵至长江河口湿地对CH₄排放的影响程度可能会有很强的空间异质性,互花米草入侵至更厌氧的土壤环境可能会对CH₄排放的影响程度更大.本研究可为准确估算互花米草入侵对中国海岸带湿地CH₄排放的影响程度,科学管理和合理利用海岸带湿地资源以及应对全球气候变化提供理论依据和科技支撑.     

Structural and metabolic responses of microbial community to sewage-borne chlorpyrifos in constructed wetlands

Long-term use of chlorpyrifos poses a potential threat to the environment that cannot be ignored, yet little is known about the succession of substrate microbial communities in constructed wetlands(CWs) under chlorpyrifos stress. Six pilot-scale CW systems receiving artificial wastewater containing 1 mg/L chlorpyrifos were established to investigate the effects of chlorpyrifos and wetland vegetation on the microbial metabolism pattern of carbon sources and community structure, using BIOLOG and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) approaches. Based on our samples, BIOLOG showed that Shannon diversity(HV) and richness(S) values distinctly increased after 30 days when chlorpyrifos was added. At the same time, differences between the vegetated and the non-vegetated systems disappeared. DGGE profiles indicated that H Vand S had no significant differences among four different treatments. The effect of chlorpyrifos on the microbial community was mainly reflected at the physiological level. Principal component analysis(PCA) of both BIOLOG and DGGE showed that added chlorpyrifos made a difference on test results.Meanwhile, there was no difference between the vegetation and no-vegetation treatments after addition of chlorpyrifos at the physiological level. Moreover, the vegetation had no significant effect on the microbial community at the genetic level. Comparisons were made between bacteria in this experiment and other known chlorpyrifos-degrading bacteria. The potential chlorpyrifos-degrading ability of bacteria in situ may be considerable.     

串联垂直流人工湿地去除河水中磷的效果

利用在温室内构建的串联垂直流人工湿地模拟装置,以芦苇为湿地植物,填充砾石,研究两种水力负荷(0.2和0.4 m/d)、3个串联级数、有/无植物等对处理北京市清河河水磷去除的影响,试验共持续144 d. 结果表明:①在进水ρ(TP)为0.50~1.77 mg/L(平均值为1.15 mg/L)、ρ(DTP)为0.41~1.53 mg/L(平均值为0.9 mg/L)的条件下,TP去除率随进水ρ(TP)的升高而升高. ②水力负荷为0.2 m/d时,有、无植物3级串联系统磷的去除率分别为38.36%、26.85%;水力负荷为0.4 m/d时,分别为32.42%,23.99%,说明低水力负荷与有植物的条件利于除磷. ③有植物3级串联系统TP去除率平均值为38.36%,大于2级串联系统(28.30%);无植物3级串联系TP去除率平均值为26.85%,大于2级串联系统(21.81%)和1级串联系统(14.98%),串联级数增加,磷去除率升高. 研究显示,水力负荷为0.2 m/d时,有植物3级串联系统的TP去除率最高.      

氮、硫输入对河口湿地土壤有机碳矿化的实验研究

通过室内培养实验,研究了氮、硫输入对闽江河口湿地土壤有机碳矿化和土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明:NH_4Cl(N1)、NH_4NO_3(N3)、K_2SO_4(S)和NH_4Cl+K_2SO_4(NS1)处理显著促进了湿地土壤有机碳矿化速率(p0.05),较对照分别提高了76.57%、60.09%、83.20%和52.59%,并且不同处理下土壤有机碳矿化速率均表现为随培养时间的增加而递减.氮、硫输入在不同时间对湿地土壤有机碳矿化的影响不尽一致,在前6 d各处理的促进作用最明显.湿地土壤有机碳累积矿化量在不同处理下均表现为随培养时间逐渐增加,其增长速率在培养初始阶段较快,而后逐渐减慢;不同培养时间有机碳累积矿化量在N1、N3、S和NS1处理下与对照处理间均存在显著差异(p0.05).短期培养结束后,N3、NS1处理显著增加了湿地土壤DOC含量(p0.05);N1、N3、NS1和NH_4NO_3+K_2SO_4(NS3)处理均显著增加了土壤NH_4~+-N含量(p0.05);KNO_3(N2)、N3、NS2和NS3处理均显著增加了土壤NO_3~--N含量(p0.05);S、NS1、NS2和NS3处理均显著增加了土壤SO_4~(2-)含量(p0.05).不同处理下湿地土壤Cl-、pH、EC具有微弱的波动变化特征,但在不同处理组间均不存在显著差异(p0.05).多元回归分析显示,DOC、NH_4~+-N和SO_4~(2-)是氮、硫输入处理下影响闽江河口湿地土壤有机碳矿化速率的主要控制因素.     

典型内分泌干扰物对人工湿地运行效果的影响

研究构建了2组表流人工湿地模拟系统和3组潜流人工湿地模拟系统,种植菖蒲、芦苇,在平均进水COD、TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N浓度分别为110、21、6、9以及6 mg/L,进水流速为42 m L/min,水力停留时间为6 h的条件下,研究典型内分泌物双酚A(BPA)和2,4-二氯苯酚在浓度为2 mg/L时对人工湿地的运行效果影响。结果表明,两种内分泌干扰物对人工湿地的污染物去除均有抑制作用。在COD去除上,两种内分泌干扰物对表流人工湿地的负面影响要高于潜流人工湿地。在各类N元素的去除上,在潜流人工湿地中,添加BPA的负面影响要高于添加2,4-二氯苯酚。     

人工湿地在中国的研究进展

人工湿地具有去污效果好、运行费用低及维护简单等特点,现已被广泛运用于污水处理中,具有相当显著的生态环境效益。本文对人工湿地在中国的研究进展进行归纳、阐述,分析其研究中存在的问题,并对其今后的研究和应用进行展望。     

NITROGEN ACCUMULATION IN A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR DAIRY WASTEWATER TREATMENT1

ABSTRACT: A free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland was installed at a dairy in Glendale, Arizona, to study the potential of such a wetland to remove nitrogen (N) from wastewater. The study objectives were: (1) to determine N removal from the wastewater, and (2) to evaluate N accumulation in soil and plant tissues. The system consisted of eight cells (70 × 9 × 1.5 m) planted with Typha domingensis, Scirpus validus, and Phragmites australis. The four cells in series were lined with plastic, and the four cells in a parallel series were lined with clay. Cells received approximately 180 m³/d of partially treated dairy effluent. Plant tissues and soil samples were collected above and below ground from 24 locations during one year. Total N removal from wastewater was about 17 percent. Clay‐lined cells accumulated more N in the soil and less N in plant biomass compared with plastic lined cells. Plant biomass accounted for approximately 60 percent of total N accumulated in cells with dense plant communities. Ninety percent of accumulated soil N was organic. Total N accumulated in soil reached a maximum (1,100 mg/kg) eight months after the introduction of wastewater.     

潜流人工湿地基质堵塞的研究进展

潜流人工湿地是城市污水深度处理和农村污水分散处理的有效技术,但存在的基质堵塞问题因可缩短其使用寿命而极大降低了该技术的经济优势,成为制约其发展的瓶颈和研究的重点.在分析潜流人工湿地基质堵塞影响因素的基础上,探讨了其堵塞的机理和模型,提出了预防措施和恢复对策.前期进水预处理、进行湿地数值模拟和强化运行管理等能有效解决人工湿地堵塞问题.     

Specific Yield Functions for Estimating Evapotranspiration from Diurnal Surface Water Cycles

The White method has been routinely used to estimate evapotranspiration using diurnal variations in groundwater levels. Applications to surface water systems (e.g., wetlands) are less common. For applications to surface water systems, a stage‐dependent specific yield function must be defined. This is especially important for small wetlands formed in topographic depressions with bowl shaped bathymetries. Existing formulations of the specific yield function include weighting factors that impact the relative importance of the soil and open water specific yields on the composite value. Three formulations of the specific yield function from the literature were compared and found to produce varied results. Based on a comparison with empirical estimates of specific yield based on observed ratios of net precipitation to water level rise, one of the existing formulations is generalized and recommended for general use. The recommended function is dependent on wetland bathymetry, magnitude of the diurnal fluctuation, spatial extent of the equilibration area, and soil‐specific yield. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the relative importance of these variables. The specific yield function is independent of wetland size and is strongly dependent on the basin profile coefficient (p), an indication of wetland shape. For most natural wetlands, bathymetry strongly influences specific yield.     

三江平原典型湿地类型土壤微生物特征与土壤养分的研究

为探讨不同湿地类型土壤微生物数量和酶活性的分布特征及其与土壤养分的关系,本研究选择了三江平原洪河湿地保护区4种典型湿地类型(小叶章+沼柳湿地、小叶章湿地、毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地)的土壤为研究对象.结果表明4种湿地类型在0~30 cm土层内:1土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷均随土层深度的增加而减少,速效钾、速效磷和速效氮则未表现出有规律的变化,且不同湿地类型土壤养分含量差异显著.2土壤微生物数量为细菌放线菌真菌,3种微生物菌落数量均随土层深度的增加而减少.土壤微生物总数量以小叶章湿地最多,毛苔草湿地最少.3土壤蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性均随土层深度的增加而减少,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性未表现出有规律的变化.小叶章+沼柳湿地和小叶章湿地中3种酶活性显著性高于毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地(P0.05).4相关性分析表明,土壤细菌、真菌和纤维素酶与土壤养分各指标均呈极显著或显著正相关,放线菌和蔗糖酶与速效钾、过氧化氢酶与速效钾、速效磷无显著相关性关系.因此,土壤微生物和酶活性是反映土壤养分状况的重要指标.