人工湿地对北方城市污水深度处理效果的研究

采用三级串联人工湿地试验装置以及无芦苇的空白对照装置在户外自然条件下进行试验,分阶段考察该组合式人工湿地系统对实际城市污水的深度处理效果.第一阶段为装置初运行阶段,采用较长的停留时间,该阶段装置对COD、TN、NH3-N、NO2--N和TP的去除率分别为75%、75%、95%、75%和50%.芦苇的存在使以上各指标相对于空白对照分别提高了10%、40%,20%、20%和50%;第二阶段采用较短的停留时间,该阶段装置对COD、TN、NH3-N、NO2--N和TP的去除率分别为85%、75%、100%、70%和98%,芦苇的存在使以上各指标相对于空白对照分别提高了10%、20%、35%、25%和63%.试验结果表明,该试验装置对城市污水具有较好的深度处理效果,能够有效降低水中的N和P,对改善水质、恢复生态系统和控制水体富营养化问题具有重要意义.     

修复受污染水体的潜流人工湿地微生物多样性研究

进行了潜流人工湿地修复受污染水体试验研究,并比较单一植物与单一填料系统与多种植物系统与多种填料系统的处理效果.运用PCR-DGGE技术研究3种不同类型的潜流人工湿地中微生物种群结构,结合多样性分析和聚类分析方法,分析了人工湿地微生物种群结构特征.     

Use of Constructed Wetlands for Urban Stream Restoration: A Critical Analysis

/ Investigation of a delta marsh restoration project proposed forthe Don River in Toronto, Ontario, underlines several concerns aboutconstructed wetland projects designed for water quality improvement andaquatic habitat enhancement. The Don is a highly urbanized river that hasundergone significant physiographic modifications and continually receives acomplex mixture of conventional, metallic, and organic contaminants frommultiple point and nonpoint sources. Rather than providing permanent removalof urban contaminants, wetland processes offer a limited capacity fortemporary storage of contaminant inputs, and potential reactions may actuallyproduce more toxic and/or bioavailable forms of some chemicals. Theseprocesses tend to result in the concentration of watershed contaminants inwetland vegetation and sediments. As the restored marsh would be availablefor spawning and feeding by aquatic fauna, the potential exists for chemicalbioconcentration and biomagnification through the aquatic community.Accordingly, wetland systems are not suited to the dual purposes of waterquality improvement and aquatic habitat enhancement. Upstream controls,including source reduction of contaminant inputs, are recommended asessential components of all constructed wetland projects.KEY WORDS: Constructed wetlands; Water quality; Ecological restoration;Don River     

Loblolly pine response to wet-weather harvesting on wet flats after 5 years

The timing of forestry operations relative to weather conditions is a consideration in applying Forestry Best Management Practices (BMPs). Harvesting during different seasons can result in degrees of soil disturbance, the distribution of logging debris, and potentially future stand productivity. The purpose of this study is to examine the response of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands after wet- and dry-weather harvesting combined with three site preparation treatments. A 20 × 20 meter grid was established in fifteen 20-year-old, 3.3-ha loblolly pine plantations in South Carolina. A census of soil physical disturbance and slash distribution was made after harvesting. Growth was measured on 1/125th-ha plots at ages two and five. Dry-weather harvested (DWH) sites were 91% undisturbed, and 9% compressed. Wet-weather harvested (WWH) sites were 41% undisturbed, and 59% disturbed. WWH sites averaged 9% bare soil, while DWH sites averaged 16% with 1 kg m^-2 less logging residue; primarily in the form of heavy and light slash. At age five, the green-weight biomass of flat-planted DWH and WWH sites were 13.3 and 12.6 kg tree^-1 respectively, and on the bedded DWH and WWH sites were 18.6 and 22.8 kg tree^-1. Wet weather harvesting did not seem to adversely affect stand growth, and may have improved it. Due to a prolonged drought, bedding had a larger effect on WWH sites than DWH harvested sites. The effects of droughty conditions may be influencing treatment response on these highly productive sites; however, the long-term effects of harvesting on stand growth remain to be seen.     

人工湿地植物无损监测方法的建立与应用

人工湿地植物生物量的测定是研究人工湿地植物生长特性和去污性能的重要基础。目前常用的人工湿地植物生物量的测定方法繁琐,难以实现无损检测。以湿地植物梭鱼草和香蒲为例,结合自主设计的人工湿地植物生长信息提取软件,快捷、无损地测定湿地植物投影面积和质量,提出人工湿地植物无损监测方法。结果表明:湿地植物梭鱼草、香蒲的植株投影面积与植株株高呈极显著的线性相关关系,相关系数R分别为0.834~0.940 和0.707~0.904(P<0.01);梭鱼草的平均植株投影面积与其所在人工湿地池的TN、TP累积量具有显著相关性(P<0.05),香蒲的平均植株投影面积与其所在人工湿地池的TN、TP累积量相关性显著性系数分别为P=0.002和P=0.056。     

基于污水厂尾水的人工湿地系统中水体氮的水流方向分布特征及污染评价

天津临港人工湿地是以污水厂尾水为水源的组合人工湿地,为探究其水体形态氮的分布特征和污染状况,以该湿地系统为研究对象,采集并分析了湿地水样,基于GIS克里格插值法,对湿地水体形态氮和典型理化性质的分布和污染特征进行了研究,结合单因子污染指数法评价了水体污染程度。结果表明：湿地水体TN浓度为0.657~5.576 mg·L⁻¹,其中${{\rm{NO}}_3^ - }$-N (0.095~3.920 mg·L⁻¹)浓度相对较高,占TN的49.2%;沿水流方向,TN、${{\rm{NO}}_3^ - }$-N和${{\rm{NO}}_2^ -} $-N的分布趋势基本一致,从入水口至景观湖呈逐渐降低趋势;${{\rm{NH}}_4^ +} $-N的分布相对复杂,在潜流和表流湿地下游与景观湖交汇处浓度最高,表流湿地浓度最低;pH和EC分别对${{\rm{NH}}_4^ + }$-N和${{\rm{NO}}_3^ - }$-N的分布特征具有较大的影响作用。根据单因子污染指数法,湿地水体TN超标(P_i>1),调节塘TN污染最为严重,调节塘可作为TN优控区。以上结果有助于深入认识以污水厂尾水为水源的组合人工湿地中氮污染物的赋存形态及分布特征。     

不同植物的表面流人工湿地系统对污染物的去除效果

通过对4种不同植物的表面流人工湿地系统处理新沂河河水的中试研究表明,在CODMn和NH 4-N进水浓度相同条件下,香蒲湿地系统出水CODMn平均浓度最低,仅为13.44 mg/L;美人蕉湿地系统出水NH 4-N平均浓度最低,仅为1.75 mg/L;香蒲和美人蕉湿地系统对CODMn的平均去除率都达到40%以上,而千屈菜和水葱湿地系统都低于30%;美人蕉、香蒲和千屈菜湿地系统对NH 4-N的平均去除率都达到65%以上,而水葱系统则低于60%.综合比较,香蒲和美人蕉湿地系统的净化能力较强.4种植物中水葱耐淹能力最强,完全淹水22 d以上依然生长良好;千屈菜耐淹能力最弱,完全淹水7 d后就开始枯萎,17 d后地上、地下部分全部死亡.     

模拟人工湿地中基质酶对PhACs的动态响应

基质酶是催化土壤生物化学反应的重要催化剂,其对有机污染物具有高度敏感性。实验测定了5座人工湿地(CWs)反应器中过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和脲酶活性的动态变化及其与进水医药活性物质(PhACs)浓度、湿地植物的关系。结果显示:种植植物反应器3种基质酶的活性均高于未种植植物的反应器;随培养时间增长过氧化氢酶的活性逐渐提高,在培养150 d后达到最高;脱氢酶和脲酶的活性随培养时间增长先升高后降低,分别于120 d和90 d时达到最高;不同基质酶对不同PhACs浓度响应不同,脲酶活性均表现为被抑制,而脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性在低PhACs浓度时被激活,在高PhACs浓度时被抑制。为CWs应用于去除水环境中存在的PhACs类污染物提供参考。     

A review on China's constructed wetlands in recent three decades: Application and practice

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been introduced to and developed in China for environmental engineering over the most prosperous three decades (1990–2020). To study the origin, development process, and future trend of CWs, this review summarized a wide range of literatures between 1990 and 2020 by Chinese authors. Firstly, the publication number over years, research highlights, and the author contributions with the most published papers in this field were conducted through bibliometric analysis. Secondly, the most principal components of CWs, substrates and macrophytes were summarized and analyzed. Thirdly, the typical application cases from traditional CWs, pond systems to combined pond-wetland systems were presented. In China, CWs were predominately distributed in the east of the so-called 'Hu Huanyong Line'. Therefore CWs were limited by the socio-economic level and climatic conditions. It is unquestionable that the overall level of China's CWs has improved significantly, and one of the most prominent features has started towards the plural pattern development. There has been a trend of large-scale or low-cost CW application in the recent years. However, lifecycle research and management are required for better strategies in the future.     

湖北网湖自然保护区生态质量评价

湖北网湖自然保护区属于内陆湿地和水域生态系统类型的自然保护区。根据网湖自然保护区的特征,通过选取自然性、多样性、稀有性、代表性、面积适应性、人类干扰、稳定性7个评价指标,运用指标赋分法和加权平均分法进行生态质量综合评价。结果表明,该保护区生态质量很好,气候适宜,动植物种类丰富,并且由于该区域目前经济处于初步发展中,人为干扰对其影响较小,因此短期内其生态环境质量会相对稳定,具有很高的保护和研究价值。同时针对网湖湿地目前所存在的威胁以及国家在治理和恢复其他湿地保护区的经验,提出了几点关于网湖湿地建设和远景开发规划的建议。