人工湿地系统微生物调控技术研究

微生物在人工湿地处理污水的过程中起着至关重要的作用,通过适当的人工调控措施,可以提高湿地系统的总体处理效率和针对性指标的处理能力.本文综述了国内外湿地系统中对微生物人工调控方面的研究进展,提出了人工湿地微生物调控技术的研究和应用方向.     

黑龙江三江自然保护区湿地保护法律问题研究

长期以来,黑龙江三江自然保护区湿地由于人口的增长、经济开发活动频繁增加,社会公众和管理者对湿地的功能和综合价值缺乏足够的认知,对其只是索取,而缺乏有效的保护,致使湿地生态环境发生了重大变化,造成水环境污染严重,土壤沙化、盐碱化面积不断扩大,灾害性气候频繁发生,动植物等生物多样性急剧减少,这与中国可持续发展的战略主旨及世界潮流相悖.在此,对黑龙江三江自然保护区湿地的现存问题进行分析,以期通过完善区域专项立法、建立湿地专管机构和湿地管理专项资金、完善管理协调机制、建立湿地环境影响评价制度和生态补偿制度、完善环境保护相关法律责任等途径,切实做到对湿地的保护和开发利用并重.     

Wetland drainage in the Canadian prairies: Nutrient, salt and bacteria characteristics

Intensification of agriculture has led to renewed efforts to drain wetlands throughout North American prairies. It is perceived to threaten downstream ecosystem health through enhancing nutrient, bacteria and salt loading. An experiment was conducted to determine temporal variations in wetland solute storage and export upon drainage. Water quality along seven ditches and five natural spills that form between wetlands was also compared. The experimental wetland acted as a solute storage zone prior to its drainage. Variations in salts and DOC were influenced by hydrological processes, whereas variations in nutrients and bacteria were also influenced by biotic and/or sorption processes. Wetland water quality was an important control of drainage water quality as the wetland ditch acted as a simple conduit. Concentrations of TDN, DOC, HCO₃⁻, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ were higher in ditches than spills. Minimal changes in water quality along ditches and spills occurred, likely due to low spring temperatures that can restrict biotic processing and sorption. Since ditches connect wetlands to streams, they have a greater potential to contribute to downstream solute loading than spills. Wetland drainage efficiency and wetland water quality were deemed the factors critical to determining solute exports via ditches.     

寒冷地区人工湿地保温措施及运行方式优化研究

通过对垂直流人工湿地冬季运行保温效果的研究,得出这种湿地类型在冬季没有保温措施的情况下,也不会造成布水管道的冻结,有机物去除率在70%以上;在进行简单保温措施后,处理效果显著提高,有机物去除率普遍在80%以上,说明垂直流人工湿地在西北寒冷地区的应用没有问题。另外,冬季低温运行时可通过优化运行方式提高湿地的除污和抗冻能力。     

人工湿地对模拟煤矿废水铁、锰的去除效果研究

针对贵州省煤矿酸性废水的危害日益加剧的现状,通过建立人工湿地系统对模拟煤矿废水中铁、锰的去除效果研究,结果表明在进水浓度总铁:200 mg/L,总锰:12 mg/L,停留时间为24 h的条件下,对Fe的去除率达99.7%,对Mn的去除率达88.5%,均远低于煤炭工业污染物排放标准,为进行人工湿地系统处理煤矿酸性废水的可行性提供理论依据。     

湖北网湖自然保护区生态质量评价

湖北网湖自然保护区属于内陆湿地和水域生态系统类型的自然保护区。根据网湖自然保护区的特征,通过选取自然性、多样性、稀有性、代表性、面积适应性、人类干扰、稳定性7个评价指标,运用指标赋分法和加权平均分法进行生态质量综合评价。结果表明,该保护区生态质量很好,气候适宜,动植物种类丰富,并且由于该区域目前经济处于初步发展中,人为干扰对其影响较小,因此短期内其生态环境质量会相对稳定,具有很高的保护和研究价值。同时针对网湖湿地目前所存在的威胁以及国家在治理和恢复其他湿地保护区的经验,提出了几点关于网湖湿地建设和远景开发规划的建议。     

扎龙国家级自然保护区内滨洲铁路沿线植物资源调查

扎龙自然保护区始建于1979年,是黑龙江省生物多样性最丰富的重要湿地,也是丹顶鹤等多种珍稀濒危野生动物重要的繁殖栖息地;滨州铁路于1903年建成,铁路在保护区范围纵向24.4 km,横向线位离保护区北边界59 km,南边界28 km,由于铁路两侧地形和铁路分割等特点,多年来探索铁路运营与湿地保护协调发展,本次对铁路两侧保护区范围内典型植被进行了实地调查,为扎龙湿地保护区管理和规划以及铁路环境保护现状管理和建设规划提供科学依据。     

Featured Collection Introduction: Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters

Connectivity is a fundamental but highly dynamic property of watersheds. Variability in the types and degrees of aquatic ecosystem connectivity presents challenges for researchers and managers seeking to accurately quantify its effects on critical hydrologic, biogeochemical, and biological processes. However, protecting natural gradients of connectivity is key to protecting the range of ecosystem services that aquatic ecosystems provide. In this featured collection, we review the available evidence on connections and functions by which streams and wetlands affect the integrity of downstream waters such as large rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries. The reviews in this collection focus on the types of waters whose protections under the U.S. Clean Water Act have been called into question by U.S. Supreme Court cases. We synthesize 40+ years of research on longitudinal, lateral, and vertical fluxes of energy, material, and biota between aquatic ecosystems included within the Act's frame of reference. Many questions about the roles of streams and wetlands in sustaining downstream water integrity can be answered from currently available literature, and emerging research is rapidly closing data gaps with exciting new insights into aquatic connectivity and function at local, watershed, and regional scales. Synthesis of foundational and emerging research is needed to support science‐based efforts to provide safe, reliable sources of fresh water for present and future generations.     

Contamination status of arsenic,lead, and cadmium of different wetland waters

The present investigation was conducted to determine the contamination status of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the wetland waters of Bhaluka in Bangladesh. Water samples were collected from 15 selected wetlands of Bhaluka region and analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Estimated results of three metals detected were As (7–80?µg?L^?1), Pb (0–86?µg?L^?1) and Cd (0–70?µg?L^?1) in water samples in all wetlands. The level of As in all investigated wetlands (93%) was higher than that of WHO recommended permissible limit of drinking water except Alanga wetland. However, As levels were higher than that recommended for livestock water quality levels. Eighty-seven percent of the investigated wetlands showed lower content of Pb than WHO recommended permissible limit of drinking water, but two wetland waters (Dohuria-1 and Chowdhuri) were polluted with higher Pb levels. Sixty-seven percent of the investigated wetlands displayed higher levels of Cd than WHO recommended permissible limit in drinking water. Dissolved organic material showed no significant difference among the 15 investigated wetlands water, but total dissolved solids was significantly greater. The condition of the water of all wetlands was basic pH. All water samples were applied to linear regression equation and correlation coefficients where values showed no significant differences. Data demonstrate that the estimated high metal concentrations of these ponds may contribute to bioaccumulation within plants, food grains and shrimp.     

Estimation of methane emitted by natural wetlands of Orissa: Based on case studies on three representative wetlands

The rapid increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere has led to significant changes in global climate. Methane is second to carbon dioxide in terms of its contribution to global warming. The wetlands serve as a major natural source of methane. Orissa State, located on the east coast of India, has a number of natural wetlands. Three representative wetlands: Chilka – the largest semi-saline lake of Asia, Anshupa – a land-locked fresh water lake and Gahirmatha – a tidal flood plain of Bhitara Kanika region that has sprawling mangrove vegetation (extension of the Sunderbans of the Gangetic delta) were chosen for intensive monitoring of water and sediment quality, along with methane flux over a period of three years during 1997–2000. The average seasonal methane fluxes were integrated to arrive at the annual flux from each wetland category. Finally, those results were extended to other natural wetlands of Orissa to arrive at the average annual methane flux of Orissa State. This is useful in calculating the total budget of greenhouse gases of India.