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71.
David I.S. Green Samuel M. McDeid William G. Crumpton 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(3):543-558
We present estimates of the volumetric storage capacities of currently drained upland depressions and catchment depressional specific storage and runoff storage indices for the Des Moines Lobe of Iowa (DML‐IA) subregion of the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Storage capacities were determined using hydrologically enforced Light Detection and Ranging‐derived digital elevation models, and a unique geoprocessing algorithm. Depressional specific storage was estimated for each 12‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC12) watershed in the region from total catchment‐specific depressional storage volume and catchment area. Runoff storage indices were calculated using catchment depressional specific storage values and estimates of the amount of rainfall likely to fall within each watershed during sub‐annual and 1‐, 2‐, 5‐, and 10‐year 24‐h events. The 173,171 identified drained depressions in the DML‐IA can store up to 903.5 Mm3 of runoff. Most of this capacity is in depressions located in the north of the region. Specific storage varies from nearly 109 mm in the younger landscapes to <10 mm in older more eroded areas. For 95% of the HUC12 watersheds comprising the region, depressional storage will likely be exhausted by rainfall‐derived runoff in excess of a 1‐year 24‐h event. Rainfall amounts greater than a 5‐year 24‐h event will exceed all available depressional storage. Therefore, the capacity of drained depressions in the DML‐IA to mitigate flooding resulting from infrequent, but large, storm events is limited. 相似文献
72.
Physical and Chemical Connectivity of Streams and Riparian Wetlands to Downstream Waters: A Synthesis 下载免费PDF全文
Ken M. Fritz Kate A. Schofield Laurie C. Alexander Michael G. McManus Heather E. Golden Charles R. Lane William G. Kepner Stephen D. LeDuc Julie E. DeMeester Amina I. Pollard 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2018,54(2):323-345
Streams, riparian areas, floodplains, alluvial aquifers, and downstream waters (e.g., large rivers, lakes, and oceans) are interconnected by longitudinal, lateral, and vertical fluxes of water, other materials, and energy. Collectively, these interconnected waters are called fluvial hydrosystems. Physical and chemical connectivity within fluvial hydrosystems is created by the transport of nonliving materials (e.g., water, sediment, nutrients, and contaminants) which either do or do not chemically change (chemical and physical connections, respectively). A substantial body of evidence unequivocally demonstrates physical and chemical connectivity between streams and riparian wetlands and downstream waters. Streams and riparian wetlands are structurally connected to downstream waters through the network of continuous channels and floodplain form that make these systems physically contiguous, and the very existence of these structures provides strong geomorphologic evidence for connectivity. Functional connections between streams and riparian wetlands and their downstream waters vary geographically and over time, based on proximity, relative size, environmental setting, material disparity, and intervening units. Because of the complexity and dynamic nature of connections among fluvial hydrosystem units, a complete accounting of the physical and chemical connections and their consequences to downstream waters should aggregate over multiple years to decades. 相似文献
73.
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75.
人工湿地系统植物床内CODcr动态变化规律探讨 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
人工湿地处理污水系统植物床内各监测点的上、下层 C O Dcr值虽有一定的差别,但经过成对平均数比较分析发现这种差别并未形成明显的趋势。污水在植物床基质中流动时,随着迁移距离的延长,其中的 C O Dcr的降解速率呈现先快后慢的趋势,根据形成的动态变化曲线,建立了 C O Dcr在植物床内沿程动态变化模型: C L= Coexp(4629×10- 5 L2- 001567 L,0≤ L≤100)。经验证,模型预测值与实际监测值呈非常显著相关(df= 4,r≥09946> r00005(4),r00005(4)= 09741)。 相似文献
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77.
Spatial Relationships of Levees and Wetland Systems within Floodplains of the Wabash Basin,USA 下载免费PDF全文
Ryan R. Morrison Erin Bray Fernando Nardi Antonio Annis Quan Dong 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2018,54(4):934-948
Given the unique biogeochemical, physical, and hydrologic services provided by floodplain wetlands, proper management of river systems should include an understanding of how floodplain modifications influence wetland ecosystems. The construction of levees can reduce river–floodplain connectivity, yet it is unclear how levees affect wetlands within floodplains, let alone the cumulative impacts within an entire watershed. This paper explores spatial relationships between levee and floodplain wetland systems in the Wabash Basin, United States. We used a hydrogeomorphic floodplain delineation technique to map floodplain extents and identify wetlands that may be hydrologically connected to river networks. We then spatially examined the relationship between levee presence, wetland area, and other river network attributes within discrete subbasins. Our results show that cumulative wetland area is relatively constant in subbasins that contain levees, regardless of maximum stream order within the subbasin. In subbasins that do not contain levees, cumulative wetland area increases with maximum stream order. However, we found that wetland distributions around levees can be complex, and further studies on the influence of levees on wetland habitat may need to consider finer resolution spatial scales. 相似文献
78.
Samson G. Mengistu Heather E. Golden Charles R. Lane Jay R. Christensen Michael L. Wine Ellen D’Amico Amy Prues Scott G. Leibowitz Jana E. Compton Marc H. Weber Ryan A. Hill 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2023,59(5):1162-1179
Eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and human health impacts are critical environmental challenges resulting from excess nitrogen and phosphorus in surface waters. Yet we have limited information regarding how wetland characteristics mediate water quality across watershed scales. We developed a large, novel set of spatial variables characterizing hydrological flowpaths from wetlands to streams, that is, “wetland hydrological transport variables,” to explore how wetlands statistically explain the variability in total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations across the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB) in the United States. We found that wetland flowpath variables improved landscape-to-aquatic nutrient multilinear regression models (from R2 = 0.89 to 0.91 for TN; R2 = 0.53 to 0.84 for TP) and provided insights into potential processes governing how wetlands influence watershed-scale TN and TP concentrations. Specifically, flowpath variables describing flow-attenuating environments, for example, subsurface transport compared to overland flowpaths, were related to lower TN and TP concentrations. Frequent hydrological connections from wetlands to streams were also linked to low TP concentrations, which likely suggests a nutrient source limitation in some areas of the UMRB. Consideration of wetland flowpaths could inform management and conservation activities designed to reduce nutrient export to downstream waters. 相似文献
79.
铁碳微电解及沸石组合人工湿地的废水处理效果 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
铁碳微电解填料和沸石由于对废水中污染物具有良好的处理效果,因而被作为基质逐渐运用于人工湿地中.本研究构建了铁碳微电解填料+砾石(湿地A)、铁碳微电解填料+沸石(湿地B)、沸石(湿地C)以及砾石(湿地D)为基质的4组人工湿地,并利用间歇曝气对湿地系统进行增氧,探究不同填料对人工湿地废水处理效果的影响.结果表明,与湿地D相比,铁碳微电解填料显著提高了湿地出水的溶解氧含量(DO)(P<0.05)和pH(P<0.05);4组人工湿地对有机物的去除率均达到95%以上,且各组间不存在显著性差异(P>0.05);对TN而言,湿地A、B和C的平均去除率分别比湿地D提高了7.94%(P<0.05)、9.29%(P<0.05)和3.63%(P<0.05),铁碳微电解填料和沸石对提升人工湿地TN去除效果的贡献率分别为73.55%和26.45%;各组湿地对NH4+的平均去除率为67.93%~76.90%,与湿地D相比,其它3组湿地均明显改善了NH4+的去除效果(P<0.05);铁碳微电解填料对湿地NO3-的去除效果极佳,去除率高达99%以上,显著高于不添加铁碳微电解的人工湿地系统(P<0.05).综合对碳氮污染物的处理效果来看,湿地B在间歇曝气的条件下对人工湿地中污染物去除效率最高. 相似文献
80.
近年来大多数滨海河口湿地都受到了人类活动的影响,水体富营养化加剧的问题造成了深远的影响,亟待在不同时空尺度上以快速、稳定、准确的途径监测滨海河口水体富营养化。论文采用能够提取植被氮吸收特征细微变化的高光谱遥感技术,基于3个时相的野外实验测量数据和HJ-1A HSI高光谱遥感数据,在叶片、冠层和景观3种尺度上,研究湿地芦苇的高光谱特征对滨海河口水体氮素浓度变化的时空响应特性,以此避免营养物质脉冲效应导致的错误水体富营养化水平评估结论。研究结果表明:在叶片和冠层尺度,邻近不同氮浓度的水体,湿地芦苇的光谱特征存在差异。而且,所采用的高光谱植被指数能够对邻近水体氮浓度的变化作出响应,各指数与水体氮浓度的相关性在冠层比叶片尺度有所降低,其中TCARI/OSAVI指数与水体氮浓度的相关性较高(叶片尺度R2为0.73,冠层尺度R2为0.7);在景观尺度,采用基于Bootstrap的SVM模型,构建高光谱指数TCARI/OSAVI的水体总氮浓度估算模型,应用于3个时相HJ-1A HSI高光谱图像。精度检验显示,估算值和实测值之间存在较好的相关性(R2=0.61,RMSE=2.96 mg/L)。综合叶片、冠层和景观3种尺度的研究结果,证明湿地植被的高光谱响应特征可用于滨海河口水体氮浓度的时空分布估算,进而可以指示湿地所在区域水体富营养化水平的变化状况。 相似文献