建筑工程质量监督的博弈分析

应用完全信息静态博弈建立了建设主体单位和质量监督机构的博弈关系,通过设置恰当的参考点使收益矩阵更为科学。用混合战略纳什均衡求出了均衡点。讨论得出,质量监督机构可以根据各个建设主体单位在工程项目建设过程中所投入的成本来确定监督力度大小的概率,而建设主体单位违规的概率与质量监督机构罚款的力度及其不作为所得的负效用有关。     

New insights into the formation of ammonium nitrate from a physical and chemical level perspective

● Factor analysis of ammonium nitrate formation based on thermodynamic theory. ● Aerosol liquid water content has important role on the ammonium nitrate formation. ● Contribution of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust is significant in haze periods. High levels of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is linked to poor air quality and premature deaths, so haze pollution deserves the attention of the world. As abundant inorganic components in PM_2.5, ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) formation includes two processes, the diffusion process (molecule of ammonia and nitric acid move from gas phase to liquid phase) and the ionization process (subsequent dissociation to form ions). In this study, we discuss the impact of meteorological factors, emission sources, and gaseous precursors on NH₄NO₃ formation based on thermodynamic theory, and identify the dominant factors during clean periods and haze periods. Results show that aerosol liquid water content has a more significant effect on ammonium nitrate formation regardless of the severity of pollution. The dust source is dominant emission source in clean periods; while a combination of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust sources is more important in haze periods. And the control of ammonia emission is more effective in reducing the formation of ammonium nitrate. The findings of this work inform the design of effective strategies to control particulate matter pollution.     

有限服务者多种类顾客的维修排队系统研究

针对维修机构中由于维修资源的有限性造成的排队现象进行研究,建立了一种有限服务者多种类顾客的维修排队模型,研究了一种求解维修机构中每种故障件数量的方法。通过此方法,可以计算任意时刻排队系统中每种故障件的数量,然后根据维修机构中故障件的种类和数量,判断是否应该在该时刻将某种装备进行停机维修,以最大程度地降低停机损失,最后通过与仿真结果比较,验证了模型与方法的可行性和准确性。     

Heat illness among high school athletes--United States, 2005-2009

Introduction

Heat illness is a leading cause of death and disability among U.S. high school athletes.

Methods

To examine the incidence and characteristics of heat illness among high school athletes, CDC analyzed data from the National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance Study for the period 2005–2009.

Results

During 2005–2009, the 100 schools sampled reported a total of 118 heat illnesses among high school athletes resulting in ≥ 1 day of time lost from athletic activity, a rate of 1.6 per 100,000 athlete-exposures, and an average of 29.5 time-loss heat illnesses per school year. The average corresponds to a weighted average annual estimate of 9,237 illnesses nationwide. The highest rate of time-loss heat illness was among football players, 4.5 per 100,000 athlete-exposures, a rate 10 times higher than the average rate (0.4) for the eight other sports. Time-loss heat illnesses occurred most frequently during August (66.3%) and while practicing or playing football (70.7%). No deaths were reported.

Conclusions

Consistent with guidelines from the National Athletic Trainers’ Association, to reduce the risk for heat illness, high school athletic programs should implement heat-acclimatization guidelines (e.g., set limits on summer practice duration and intensity). All athletes, coaches, athletic trainers, and parents/guardians should be aware of the risk factors for heat illness, follow recommended strategies, and be prepared to respond quickly to symptoms of illness. Coaches also should continue to stress to their athletes the importance of maintaining proper hydration before, during, and after sports activities.

Impact of industry

By implementing preventive recommendations and quickly recognizing and responding to heat illness, coaches, athletic trainers, and the sporting community can prevent future deaths.     

基于DHGF算法和三角模糊数的装备研制风险评价

针对风险管理方法难以对装备研制风险进行有效评价的问题,提出基于DHGF算法和三角模糊数的装备研制风险评价方法。运用德尔菲法建立装备研制风险的综合评价指标体系。基于三角模糊数和层次分析法(AHP)计算评价指标的权重。利用灰色系统理论确定评价灰类,计算灰色评价系数,得出灰色评价权向量和权矩阵。形成综合评判矩阵,进行模糊运算,求得综合评价结果。算例表明,该方法可有效用于装备研制风险的评价。     

苏浙沪危险化学品安全运输无缝化区域联控机制研究

从危险化学品运输全过程涉及的5类主体单位和多部门监管内容两个方面分析危险化学品跨省道路运输监管流程;从法律法规、体制、机制、流程等方面总结出苏浙沪危险化学品跨省道路运输存在的5类监管缝隙,即法律法规缝隙、组织架构缝隙、部门协调监管缝隙、监管流程缝隙和信息阻隔缝隙。应用无缝隙化组织理论设计苏浙沪危险化学品跨省运输安全监管区域联控的组织架构,包括最高决策、中间协调、地区执行3个层面;把危险化学品跨省道路运输现有监管流程分为审批服务类和现场检查类,并对其进行无缝隙化整合,既能提高监管效率,也能降低运输企业运输成本。     

突变级数在化工储存危险程度的应用研究

化工储存单元是企业的重要危险源之一,分析企业存在的各种危险因素,建立安全生产保障体系,利用蝴蝶型突变理论建立突变级数数学模型。突变级数能对企业安全状况进行分级,安全生产状况改进参数能表征可进行整改的程度。     

交通主观安全感和客观安全感的博弈

安全交通行为主要表现在道路客观条件和道路使用者的交通安全意识的博弈。综述和评价交通心理领域主要的风险理论,行为-态度理论和任务-能力交互理论,总结出影响主观安全感和客观安全感的潜在因素和交互作用产生的博弈心理,试图揭示交通事故发生的个体层面的原因。分析结果表明:驾驶员安全驾驶行为是受到客观安全感(包括对路况、线性和道路环境等的评估)和个体主观安全感(主要是个性特征),这2种安全感的博弈共同影响着安全驾驶行为。     

沉积物中多氯联苯分析的纯化条件优化研究

比较了各种填料层析柱和洗脱液的差别,并根据有机溶剂使用量较少的样品纯化方案,建立了适用低有机质含量水体表层沉积物中不同极性多氯联苯(PCBs)的分析方法.结果表明,该方法检测限在0.11 ng/g～0.35 ng/g(干重)之间,对主要多氯联苯同族体的回收率是77.9%～112.1%.用该法分析了长江中下游水体表层沉积物中的PCBs,质控结果表明,该纯化方法的效果理想.     

水体中藻类的危害及控制方法

本文介绍了藻类对水体的危害;近几年国内外藻类控制方法的研究近况;提出了一些今后在藻类控制芳面值得进一步研究及关注的问题。