Clumsiness and elegance in environmental management: applying cultural theory to the history of whaling

The global whaling debate is one of the most well-known environmental disputes; despite the continued moratorium, both whaling and conflict continue. This endless discord has been criticised as deleterious to whale conservation and as imperialistic towards whaling communities. The history of the whaling debate is examined through the lens of cultural theory (CT). CT argues that there is productive potential in respectful interaction between different perspectives on an environmental issue. Using CT, modern whaling past and present is reconstructed, tracking how different actors have come to prominence, altering the nature of the policy landscape through their actions. Since the onset of modern whaling, whales and whaling practice have been conceived in narrow terms, depending on the dominance of particular actors on either side of the debate. Proposed solutions to the impasse are assessed according to the maxims of CT.     

生态位理论的发展及其在农业生产中的应用

生态位理论近年来在理论生态学和应用生态学的发展中起到了重要的作用。本文回顾了生态位理论的发展概况,介绍了在生态位理论发展历程中作出巨大贡献的三位生态学家,格林尼尔的“空间生态位”,埃尔顿的“功能生态位”,哈奇森的“多维超体积生态位”概念。用系统论的观点总结了如何正确理解生态位概念及其理论,并就如何应用生态位理论来指导农业生产实践提出了切实可行的多种途径,如高效合理利用现存的生态位,开拓潜在生态位,定向改变基础生态位等,也为生态位理论更好地指导农业生产实践提供了新思路。     

四川省水污染趋势评价及防治对策

本文根据四川省近十年水污染及治理的统计资料和1985—1989年全省六大水系44个具有代表性的监测断面枯水期水质、水量监测成果,计算各断面主要污染物逐年趋势值和日纳污量,对全省1985—1989年枯水期水污染趋势和程度进行评价,并提出防治的措施。     

UNCERTAINTY BASED OPERATION OF LARGE SCALE RESERVOIR SYSTEMS: DEZ AND KAROON EXPERIENCE1

ABSTRACT: Reservoir operation involves a complex set of human decisions depending upon hydrologic conditions in the supply network including watersheds, lakes, transfer tunnels, and rivers. Water releases from reservoirs are adjusted in an attempt to provide a balanced response to different demands. When a system involves more than one reservoir, computational burdens have been a major obstacle in incorporating uncertainties and variations in supply and demand. A new generation of stochastic dynamic programming was developed in the 1980s and 1990s to incorporate the forecast and demand uncertainties. The Bayesian Stochastic Dynamic Programming (BSDP) model and its extension, Demand Driven Stochastic Dynamic Programming (DDSP) model, are among those models. Recently, a Fuzzy Stochastic Dynamic Programming model (FSDP) also was developed for a single reservoir to model the errors associated with discretizing the variables using fuzzy set theory. In this study the DDSP and the FSDP models were extended and simplified for a complex system of Dez and Karoon reservoirs in the southwestern part of Iran. The simplified models are called Condensed Demand Driven Stochastic Programming (CDDSP) and Condensed Fuzzy Stochastic Dynamic Programming (CFSDP). The optimal operating policies developed by the CDDSP and the CFSDP models were simulated in a classical model and a fuzzy simulation model, respectively. The case study was used to demonstrate the advantages of implementing the proposed algorithm, and the results show the significant value of the proposed fuzzy based algorithm.     

The design and use of strategic planning arenas

This paper takes a close look at communication, process, power and institutional arrangements in the context of strategic planning. It introduces an eight step process for structuring strategic thinking and acting and develops the concept of “arenas” as a very influential — yet often very subtle — exercise of power over the course of a strategic planning process.     

``Würde der Kreatur' and the Common Morality

If respect for the dignity ofnon-human creatures is to be an element of publicpolicy it needs, as a first step, to be assimilatedinto the common morality. It is suggested that suchrespect may be based on several philosophicalpremises. Limiting the discussion to sentient animals,the paper reviews three of these: the concept ofanimal telos; the application of Rawlsiancontractarianism to the case of non-human animals asmoral patients; and human attitudes to animals in thelight of virtue theory. Consideration is then given tothe extent to which, by accommodating respect for thedignity of animals within the common morality, theseprinciples might find more substantive expression inpublic policy.     

浅谈对劳动和劳动价值理论的认识

随着科学技术的发展和劳动形成、结构的变化,社会上对马克思的劳动和劳动价值理论存在种种误解和曲解。技术进步、社会分工和生产的发展,科学技术工作和经营管理作为劳动的重要形式,在生产中发挥着越来越重要的作用。但马克思的劳动和劳动价值理论在当今世界没有过时和失效。     

NOx污染控制进展

本文概述了近年来国内外NOx污染控制的进展，并介绍了将一种矿石原料打成浆料，在低温下吸收NOx，吸收后得一种很有经济价值的硝酸盐，此硝酸盐可直接作为产品销售出去，也可进一步加工成一种高附加值产品的研究成果。     

Socially Strategic Ecological Restoration: A Game-Theoretic Analysis Shortened: Socially Strategic Restoration

Major transitions in a multiple-use or mosaic landscape often lead to frictions among new and existing users. In this article, we consider the problem of ecological restoration within a mosaic landscape in which restoration activities elicit feedbacks from individuals and groups that are harmed by restoration outcomes. Using game theory, we identify three potential outcomes ranked by the extent of restoration of ecosystem services and processes: nonstrategic, noncooperative strategic equilibrium, and cooperative bargaining solution. We identify conditions under which additional restoration can decrease the overall flow of ecosystem services and processes. A “strategic restorationist” will cease new restoration activities when the net effect of defensive response moves by farmers offsets gains. Imperfect information regarding expected payoffs to farmers can lead to inefficient overshooting or undershooting the optimal scale, geographical positioning, and form of restoration. Gains to all parties from cooperation might exist. As a case study and to aid model design, we consider restoration activities on California’s upper Sacramento River. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Co-management of Natural Resources: A Proposed Framework

Co-management acknowledges pragmatic developments and progression of institutional choice theories in natural resource management. This innovative concept embraces a pluralistic management approach based on the principle of subsidiarity and creates opportunities for the reconciliation of competitive property claims. This article reviews definitions of co-management, distinguishes it from other property rights regimes, and develops an organizational structure of the major elements involved. Synthesis of both experiences and literature leads to the development of a conceptual framework. Co-management is structured in terms of context, components, and linking mechanisms. In concert, these elements offer insight into the practice of co-management, address the shortcomings of institutional theories, and respond to critical issues raised in related literature. The framework contributes to natural resource management by acting as a means of identification and evaluation for such arrangements, as well as a systematic guide for future inquiries.