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为研究乘客在大客车正面碰撞事故中的损伤机理,建立某全承载大客车有限元模型,并通过试验验证有限元模型的仿真精度。基于验证模型对不同碰撞速度条件下大客车车身结构力学响应、生存空间、座椅固定件强度、乘员运动响应和损伤等进行综合分析及评价。结果表明:高速碰撞条件下,驾驶员生存空间容易被侵入,座椅固定件强度存在失效的风险;乘员头部、颈部和胸部的损伤值受碰撞速度、安全带类型和乘员位置影响较大;三点式安全带保护效果明显优于两点式安全带。 相似文献
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北江流域水文特征变异研究 总被引:1,自引:18,他引:1
水文特征变异研究是水文学研究中的重点之一。水文特征变异不仅包括时间、空间上的概念,还包括属性上的概念。研究水文序列在属性、时间及空间上的变异,才能够全面地反映水文序列的变异情况。论文探讨了水文特征变异的内涵,提出水文特征变异是研究对象或现象在属性、时间和空间上的变异量度。以北江流域径流量及降雨量资料为基础,全面分析了属性范畴下及时空范畴下北江流域水文序列的变异情况。结果表明:1992-2006年的径流量序列和1973-2006年的径流量序列相对于1956-1972年的径流量序列都发生了变异;从重心移动方向来看,北江流域在1959、1967、1975和1983年移动方向发生了转折,从重心移动的距离来看,降雨重心离多年平均较远的年份分别是1967、1975、1983和2000年。 相似文献
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Gevaldo L. de Almeida Luiz C. G. Pimentel Renato M. Cotta 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(1):53-65
A transient two-dimensional advection–diffusion model describing the turbulent dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere
has been solved via the Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT), by two different schemes. The first approach performs
numerical integration of the transformed system using available routines for initial value problems with automatic error control.
In spite of the time-consuming character of such a scheme, its flexibility allows the handling of problems involving time-dependent
meteorological parameters such as wind speed and eddy diffusivities. The second approach works fully analytically being thus
intrinsically more robust and economic, although not directly applicable in dealing with time-dependent parameters. For the
test problem used in this work, both methods agree very well with each other, as well as with a known analytical solution
for a simpler formulation used as benchmark. The impact of the longitudinal diffusivity on the stiffness of the ordinary differential
equation (ODE) system arising from the integral transformation has been assessed through the processing time demanded to solve
it when the numerical approach is used. The observed CPU times show that the analytical approach is clearly preferable unless
the problem involves time-dependent parameters. 相似文献
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产朊假丝酵母CANDIDA UTILIS细胞壁对铜离子吸附位点的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
目前认为所有生物大分子都对重金属离子有较强吸附性 ,但某些分子可特异地吸附重金属 ,并介导酵母细胞对重金属的抗性[1] .其中细胞表面的高分子聚合物倍受关注 ,酵母细胞壁约含 4 0种蛋白分子 ,但有关这些蛋白质在对重金属离子吸附中的作用目前还未见报道 .产朊假丝酵母Candidautilis是重要单细胞蛋白生产菌株之一 ,因其营养条件要求不高 ,对工业废水有较强耐受和转化能力而广泛用于生产和研究 .我们观察了产朊假丝酵母细胞与分离纯化的细胞壁对铜离子的吸附能力差异 ,并对细胞壁上重金属离子吸附位点进行了研究 .1 材料与方… 相似文献
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PROBLEM: Road accident outcomes are traditionally analyzed at state or road network level due to a lack of aggregated data and suitable analytical methods. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate usefulness of a simple spatiotemporal modeling of road accident outcomes at small-scale geographical level. METHOD: Small-area spatiotemporal Bayesian models commonly used in epidemiological studies reveal the existence of spatial correlation in accident data and provide a mechanism to quantify its effect. The models were run for Belgium data for the period 2000-2005. Two different scale levels and two different exposure variables were considered under Bayesian hierarchical models of annual accident and fatal injury counts. The use of the conditional autoregressive (CAR) formulation of area specific relative risk and trend terms leads to more distinctive patterns of risk and its evolution. The Pearson correlation tests for relative risk rates and temporal trends allows researchers to determine the development of risk disparities in time. RESULTS: Analysis of spatial effects allowed the identification of clusters with similar risk outcomes pointing toward spatial structure in road accident outcomes and their background mechanisms. From the analysis of temporal trends, different developments in road accident and fatality rates in the three federated regions of Belgium came into light. Increasing spatial disparities in terms of fatal injury risk and decreasing spatial disparities in terms of accident risk with time were further identified. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The application of a space-time model to accident and fatal injury counts at a small-scale level in Belgium allowed identification of several areas with outstandingly high accident (injury) records. This could allow more efficient redistribution of resources and more efficient road safety management in Belgium. 相似文献
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Objective: In minicars, the survival space between the side structure and occupant is smaller than in conventional cars. This is an issue in side collisions. Therefore, in this article a solution is studied in which a lateral seat movement is imposed in the precrash phase. It generates a pre-acceleration and an initial velocity of the occupant, thus reducing the loads due to the side impact.Methods: The assessment of the potential is done by numerical simulations and a full-vehicle crash test. The optimal parameters of the restraint system including the precrash movement, time-to-fire of head and side airbag, etc., are found using metamodel-based optimization methods by minimizing occupant loads according to European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP).Results: The metamodel-based optimization approach is able to tune the restraint system parameters. The numerical simulations show a significant averaged reduction of 22.3% in occupant loads.Conclusion: The results show that the lateral precrash occupant movement offers better occupant protection in side collisions. 相似文献