自然环境超高加速光老化试验系统研制

目的 设计一种能够高效强化太阳紫外光辐射强度的自然环境加速试验设备,在自然环境环境中,用于高分子材料及制品、零部件的耐光老化高加速试验与快速评估。方法 自然环境超高加速光老化试验系统研制主要采用模块化设计思路,基于3个太阳辐射强化原理,开展紫外反射镜开发,设计系统总体结构、试验主机、太阳能供电分系统和控制分系统等,对主机结构进行有限元强度和变形量分析,开发以PLC为核心的控制系统和以触摸屏及计算机为媒介的人机交互软件。结果 研制的自然环境超高加速光老化试验系统采用太阳能清洁能源供电,实现了40倍以上的太阳紫外辐射强化。结论 研制的自然环境超高加速光老化试验系统加工与制造难度小,加速倍率高,环境友好,使用效费比高,更适用于户外装备用高分子材料及制品的耐光老化评估。     

飞行器隔热瓦1200℃性能测试中接触热阻影响仿真与验证

目的 建立统一的飞行器隔热材料性能测试标准。方法 利用数值方法对飞行器隔热瓦1 200℃热环境性能测试中的传热模型进行计算。设计3种不同热导率和表面粗糙度的绝热材料隔热性能对比试验。在考虑接触面间凹凸点完全接触导热、接触间隙介质导热和相邻界面辐射传热联合作用时,能够获得与实测数据基本一致的计算结果。结果 试验证明,接触热阻是导致实测数据与理想传热结果相悖的主要原因。获得了接触热阻条件下热扩散系数随传热过程的变化关系,定量得到了相同测试条件下给定的3种不同热导率与粗糙度底部绝热材料对隔热性能测试结果的影响。结论 测试结果存在较大偏差的主要原因是表面粗糙度所致,两接触面在高温条件下更有利于热流传播。研究结果可为飞行器热防护系统设计与性能考核试验方案的确定提供重要参考依据。     

气凝胶消防救援服内衬的热阻计算

为提高消防救援服在高温环境中的穿着热舒适性能,探究消防救援服内衬热阻的理论公式推导和数值计算,推导得出粒径、导热系数、填充角度和热阻之间的关系,用Matlab作出三维模型图,表示热阻和三者之间的关系.结果 表明:当粒径越小,填充角度越小和导热系数越小时,热阻值越大;当填充颗粒的粒径一定时,等热阻线呈现抛物线趋势,且随着...     

钢框架足尺结构火灾试验方案研究

钢框架足尺结构(即与实际工作中通常使用的结构尺寸相同的结构)火灾试验在国内尚属首次。着重介绍了试验施加荷载的确定、数据测量和钢框架的吊装计算,得出了进行钢框架主尺结构火灾试验的一些基本经验:采用钢结构构件实用抗火计算方法,对目标高温下框架中柱和边柱分别进行承载力计算,在和常温下各自的0.3倍的承载极限值进行综合比较后,确定钢框架柱轴向的施加荷载值;热电偶测温技术具有精度高和使用简便的优点,可用于火灾试验温度的测量;火灾试验中应变的测量无法正常进行,可转化成对关键部位位移的测量;足尺结构的吊装在对其简化的计算模型进行危险截面的强度验算以及对整个试件进行必要的挠度计算后方可进行。     

Degradation of carbon tetrachloride by iron metal: Complexation effects on the oxide surface

Dehalogenation of chlorinated aliphatic contaminants at the surface of zero-valent iron metal (Fe⁰) is mediated by the thin film of iron (hydr)oxides found on Fe⁰ under environmental conditions. To evaluate the role this oxide film plays in the reduction of chlorinated methanes, carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) degradation by Fe⁰ was studied under the influence of various anions, ligands, and initial CCl₄ concentrations ([P]_o). Over the range of conditions examined in these batch experiments, the reaction kinetics could be characterized by surface-area-normalized rate constants that were pseudo-first order for CCl₄ disappearance (k_CCl4), and zero order for the appearance of dissolved Fe²⁺ (k_Fe²⁺). The rate of dechlorination exhibits saturation kinetics with respect to [P]_o, suggesting that CCl₄ is transformed at a limited number of reactive surface sites. Because oxidation of Fe⁰ by CCl₄ is the major corrosion reaction in these systems, k_Fe²⁺ also approaches a limiting value at high CCl₄ concentrations. The adsorption of borate strongly inhibited reduction of CCl₄, but a concomitant addition of chloride partially offset this effect by destabilizing the film. Redox active ligands (catechol and ascorbate), and those that are not redox active (EDTA and acetate), all decreased k_CCl4 (and k_Fe²⁺). Thus, it appears that the relatively strong complexation of these ligands at the oxide–electrolyte interface blocks the sites where weak interactions with the metal oxide lead to dehalogenation of chlorinated aliphatic compounds.     

Hydrogen explosion incident mitigation in steam reforming units through enhanced inspection and forecasting corrosion tools implementation

Hydrogen (H₂) explosion effects recently examined, are confirming the devastating loss scenarios to humans, environment, assets, and associated business interruption. H₂ production is a core process in refineries used in further process steps. Steam reforming of natural gas or a mix with naphtha or LPG is a common hydrogen production technique, where the latest technologies have adopted enhanced metallurgies to minimize explosion risk and the associated maintenance cost following plant degradation owing to corrosion effects. However, corrosion rates are still high in specific areas of piping and process equipment. The aim of this paper is to present a methodology based on semi-quantitative RBI modeling according to regulations by API and recent EN standards, adopting a family of linear regression forecasting models that depict the yearly corrosion rate (per corrosion loop) of a hydrogen production steam reforming unit; this is done under different operating conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, and fluid speed), metallurgy and other related physicochemical variables. The model is based on the examination of both ultrasonic wall thinning measurements and the examination of quantitative crosslinking total corrosion effects along with the physicochemical properties prevailing in different plant corrosion loops. The outcome of the regression analysis is an expansive family of multivariable equations describing, with a defined accuracy, the yearly corrosion rate and associated lifespan forecast per corrosion loop, and per examined part. These equations were further utilized in a custom-made database that can be used as an additional loss prevention tool by the hydrogen production unit management team. Evaluation results regarding the tool efficiency are presented in the following of this paper.     

A spatial-temporal approach for corrosion prediction in time-varying marine environment

Corrosion in seawater is simultaneously influenced by multiple environmental factors including dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, salinity, pH, and so on. These factors vary along with time and are different in different locations. The spatial-temporal variation of the actual marine environment cannot be ignored in corrosion prediction models. This paper proposes a new method for corrosion prediction in the actual time-varying marine environment which includes the design of experiments, calibration of acceleration models, and the modeling of marine environment. Acceleration models capture the effects of environmental factors and acts as the link between the environment and the corrosion process. The marine environment is described with the Kriging spatial-temporal model. Then the proposed method is used to give corrosion predictions for metals in different locations and vessels travel in different waters. This method could be helpful for corrosion resistance evaluation and environment corrosivity assessment.     

Q345R在微量小分子有机酸中的腐蚀行为研究

本文通过腐蚀失重试验、腐蚀产物分析和交流阻抗谱研究了Q345R在不用的微量的两种小分子有机酸(甲酸和乙酸)中的常温25℃和液相高温85℃中腐蚀行为.根据试验结果可知,随着浓度的逐渐升高,Q345R在两种小分子有机酸腐蚀速率均有所升高,腐蚀产物逐渐增厚,腐蚀形貌未发生明显变化.根据电化学试验结果,在25℃环境温度下,小分子有机酸对Q345R的腐蚀剧烈程度随时间明显降低,并且表面吸附作用明显减弱.在85℃环境温度下,小分子有机酸对Q345R的腐蚀剧烈程度随时间变化不大,反应行为也未发生明显的变化.这说明在较高的温度下,随着反应激活能提高,扩散条件并非控制腐蚀反应的最主要因素,腐蚀行为也与较低环境温度下产生显著的区别.     

Prevalence of alcohol impairment and odds of a driver injury or fatality in on-road farm equipment crashes

Objective: The objective of this article was to estimate the prevalence of alcohol impairment in crashes involving farm equipment on public roadways and the effect of alcohol impairment on the odds of crash injury or fatality.

Methods: On-road farm equipment crashes were collected from 4 Great Plains state departments of transportation during 2005–2010. Alcohol impairment was defined as an involved driver having blood alcohol content of ≥0.08 g/100 ml or a finding of alcohol impairment as a driver contributing circumstance recorded on the police crash report. Injury or fatality was categorized as (a) no injury (no and possible injury combined), (b) injury (nonincapacitating or incapacitating injury), and (c) fatality. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression modeling, clustered on crash, was used to estimate the odds of an injury/fatality in crashes involving an alcohol-impaired driver.

Results: During the 5 years under study, 3.1% (61 of 1971) of on-road farm equipment crashes involved an alcohol-impaired driver. One in 20 (5.6%) injury crashes and 1 in 6 (17.8%) fatality crashes involved an alcohol-impaired driver. The non-farm equipment driver was significantly more likely to be alcohol impaired than the farm equipment driver (2.4% versus 1.1% respectively, P = .0012). After controlling for covariates, crashes involving an alcohol-impaired driver had 4.10 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.30–7.28) times the odds of an injury or fatality. In addition, the non-farm vehicle driver was at 2.28 (95% CI, 1.92–2.71) times higher odds of an injury or fatality than the farm vehicle driver. No differences in rurality of the crash site were found in the multivariable model.

Conclusion: On-road farm equipment crashes involving alcohol result in greater odds of an injury or fatality. The risk of injury or fatality is higher among the non-farm equipment vehicle drivers who are also more likely to be alcohol impaired. Further studies are needed to measure the impact of alcohol impairment in on-road farm equipment crashes.     

新型难燃隔热保温材料——酚醛泡沫

本文介绍了一种新型难燃隔热保温材料-酚醛泡沫塑料,它具有有机泡沫保温材料低热导率的优异性能,也具有无机保温材料优异的防火性能.