《京都议定书》生效给林区经济发展带来新机遇——碳汇的利用途径与前景

<京都议定书>生效.它的实质是保护人类生存环境和地球生态平衡.清洁发展机制CDM是在<京都议定书>中建立的一个国际合作机制,清洁发展机制造林、再造林项目是利用森林的固碳生态功能,削减部分大气中CO2含量,研究CDM机制对于发展林区经济可持续发展具有重要意义.     

基于油提取的土壤与沉积物中微塑料的分离方法

微塑料作为一种全球性新兴污染物受到学界与社会的广泛关注.由于土壤和沉积物中的微塑料难以分离提取,目前关于微塑料的研究主要集中于水体中,而关于土壤与沉积物中微塑料的丰度、分布与环境行为尚不清楚,迫切需要一种经济、快速、可靠的前处理手段将微塑料从土壤或沉积物中分离出来进而开展检测与监测工作.油提取法不同于传统密度浮选法,其利用塑料的亲油性,使用植物油代替密度液分离土壤与沉积物中的微塑料.通过油提取法在砂土（二长花岗岩风化层残坡积物）、壤土（菜地黄棕壤）、黏土（稻田水稻土）、泥质湖泊沉积物中获得的总加标回收率分别为88.3%±6.29%、88.3%±3.82%、90.0%±2.50%、90.8%±1.44%.其中,对于密度浮选法较难提取的聚氯乙烯（PVC）、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）,其回收率分别为93.3%±11.6%（壤土）、96.7%±5.77%（壤土）.植物油的加入会对后续微塑料的光谱表征识别产生影响,但可通过无水乙醇冲洗去除,与拉曼光谱仍具有良好的兼容性.利用该方法开展的实地研究获得黄冈市残坡积物（砂土）、武汉市菜地（壤土）、武汉市水稻田（黏土）、武汉市东湖泥质湖泊沉积物中的微塑料丰度分别为1 679、1 612、1 766、7 629个/kg.研究显示,油提取是当下密度浮选技术的可替代方案.      

关于电气安全工程学学科的思考

以“环境系统人”作为电气安全工程学的研究对象 ,通过对环境、系统、人各个要素及相互之间关系的分析 ,详细探讨了电气安全工程学的研究内容 ,并对学科今后的新的研究领域提出建议。     

九龙江流域水稻土重金属赋存形态及污染评价

采用改进的BCR四步提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析九龙江流域71个水稻土中12种重金属元素的赋存形态特征,运用风险评价编码法(RAC)、次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)和地质积累指数法(Igeo)评价重金属污染特征.结果表明,大部分重金属总量已存在不同程度的富集且不同重金属元素在水稻土中的赋存形态特征差异较大.Cd和Mn主要以F1弱酸溶态存在,平均比例分别为46.2%和35.2%;Fe和Pb主要以F2可还原态存在,平均比例分别为64.5%和41.5%;而V、Cr、Ni、As、Co、Sr、Zn和Cu主要以F4残渣态存在,平均比例分别为79.6%、78.4%、73.1%、67.7%、51.9%、49.7%、45.3%和38.4%.3种污染评价方法分别重点关注弱酸溶态、次生相和重金属总量,均有应用价值,缺点是不够全面.结合3种评价方法能更准确全面评估重金属污染特征.九龙江流域水稻土中Cd为中度~重度污染,Mn和Sr为轻度~重度污染,Zn、Pb、Cu和Co为轻度~中度污染,As和Ni为无污染~中度污染,V、Fe和Cr为无污染~轻度污染.     

Can the envisaged reductions of fossil fuel CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions be detected by atmospheric observations?

The lower troposphere is an excellent receptacle, which integrates anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions over large areas. Therefore, atmospheric concentration observations over populated regions would provide the ultimate proof if sustained emissions changes have occurred. The most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO(2)), also shows large natural concentration variations, which need to be disentangled from anthropogenic signals to assess changes in associated emissions. This is in principle possible for the fossil fuel CO(2) component (FFCO(2)) by high-precision radiocarbon ((14)C) analyses because FFCO(2) is free of radiocarbon. Long-term observations of (14)CO(2) conducted at two sites in south-western Germany do not yet reveal any significant trends in the regional fossil fuel CO(2) component. We rather observe strong inter-annual variations, which are largely imprinted by changes of atmospheric transport as supported by dedicated transport model simulations of fossil fuel CO(2). In this paper, we show that, depending on the remoteness of the site, changes of about 7-26% in fossil fuel emissions in respective catchment areas could be detected with confidence by high-precision atmospheric (14)CO(2) measurements when comparing 5-year averages if these inter-annual variations were taken into account. This perspective constitutes the urgently needed tool for validation of fossil fuel CO(2) emissions changes in the framework of the Kyoto protocol and successive climate initiatives.     

Carbon benefits from Amazonian forest reserves: leakage accounting and the value of time

Amazonian forest reserves have significant carbon benefits, but the methodology used for accounting for these benefits will be critical in determining whether the powerful economic force represented by mitigation efforts to slow global warming will be applied to creating these reserves. Opportunities for reserve creation are quickly being lost as new areas are opened to deforestation though highway construction and other developments. Leakage, or the effects that a reserve or other mitigation project provokes outside of the project boundaries, is critical to a proper accounting of net carbon benefits. Protected areas in the Amazon have particularly great potential mitigation benefits over an extended time horizon. Over a 100-year time frame, virtually no unprotected forest is likely to remain, meaning that potential leakages (both leakage to the vicinity of the reserves and that displaced by removing protected areas from the land-grabbing market) should not matter much because any short-term leakage would be “recovered” eventually. The effect of the value attributed to time greatly influences the impact of leakage on benefits credited to reserves. Simple assumptions regarding leakage scenarios illustrate the benefits of reserves and the critical areas where agreement is necessary to make this option a practical component of mitigation efforts. The stakes are too high to allow further delays in reaching agreement on these issues.