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11.
Nahid Akhtar Hidetoshi Inada Taisuke Kondo 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1763-1767
To clarify the effects of O3 on crop plants cultivated in Bangladesh, two Bangladeshi wheat cultivars (Sufi and Bijoy) were grown in plastic boxes filled with Andisol and exposed daily to charcoal-filtered air or O3 at 60 and 100 nl l−1 (10:00-17:00) from 13 March to 4 June 2008. The whole-plant dry mass and grain yield per plant of the two cultivars at the final harvest were significantly reduced by the exposure to O3. Although there was no significant effect of O3 on stomatal diffusive conductance to H2O of flag leaf, net photosynthetic rate of the leaf was significantly reduced by the exposure to O3. The sensitivity of growth, yield, yield components and leaf gas exchange rates to O3 was not significantly different between the two cultivars. The results obtained in the present study suggest that ambient levels of O3 may detrimentally affect wheat production in Bangladesh. 相似文献
12.
Glykeria Loupa Evangelos Karageorgos 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(9):2946-2953
Indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM0.3-10) number concentrations were established in two medieval churches in Cyprus. In both churches incense was burnt occasionally during Mass. The highest indoor PM0.5-1 concentrations compared with outdoors (10.7 times higher) were observed in the church that burning of candles indoors was allowed. Peak indoor black carbon concentration was 6.8 μg m−3 in the instances that incense was burning and 13.4 μg m−3 in the instances that the candles were burning (outdoor levels ranged between 0.6 and 1.3 μg m−3). From the water soluble inorganic components determined in PM10, calcium prevailed in all samples indoors or outdoors, whilst high potassium concentration indoors were a clear marker of combustion. Indoor sources of PM were clearly identified and their emission strengths were estimated via modeling of the results. Indoor estimated PM0.3-10 mass concentrations exceeded air quality standards for human health protection and for the preservation of works of art. 相似文献
13.
介绍了内蒙古某抗生素废水处理厂的处理工艺流程、处理单元类型及其详细设计参数,通过对该污水处理厂半年内运行效果的调研,分析评价该污水处理系统的处理效果及出水指标;该水厂工艺流程对COD、TOC、氨氮、总氮、总磷、BOD和急性毒性的平均去除率分别为96.52%、95.83%、50.24%、55.20%、62.05%、98.52%和99.14%,COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷出水水质分别为477、438、556.7和7.69 mg/L,达到排放到城区下水道要求,园区内所有废水汇集到园区污水处理厂进行集中深度处理达标后排放水体。通过对该水厂工艺的介绍和水质分析,为我国抗生素生产企业面临的废水处理工艺类型选择及工程改造升级提供一定参考。 相似文献
14.
Bioremediation of sandy soil contaminated with fish-biodiesel, conventional diesel, and blends of both was studied in microcosm experiments at different temperatures, simulating the subarctic environment. While distinct lag, exponential, and stationary phases were observed at 20 °C, degradation at 6 °C was slow and the lag phase continued throughout the 4-week experiment. A three-phase 1st order kinetic model successfully described respiration at 20 °C, a one-phase model was sufficient at 6 °C. For temperatures fluctuating between ∼6 and ∼20 °C, higher than expected microbial activity persisted at 6 °C for several days, due to the presence of active cultures, even though the soil temperature closely followed the air temperature. At 20 °C, respiration peaked already after 1 week, and 18-51% of the initially added fuel was mineralized within 4 weeks, whereby degradation was higher at higher biodiesel percentages. Biodiesel addition accelerated mineralization of blends with regular diesel beyond expectations. In blends with 20% biodiesel, the degradation rate constant was twice as high as for conventional diesel. These synergistic effects are likely due to an active microbial population. Addition of biodiesel to conventional diesel could reduce the impact of diesel spills. 相似文献
15.
Long-range atmospheric transport of three toxaphene congeners across Europe. Modeling by chained single-box FATEMOD program 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jaakko Paasivirta Seija Sinkkonen Vladimir Nikiforov Fedor Kryuchkov Erkki Kolehmainen Katri Laihia Arto Valkonen Manu Lahtinen 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(2):191-205
Background, aims, and scope Since toxaphene (polychlorocamphene, polychloropinene, or strobane) mixtures were applied for massive insecticide use in the
1960s to replace the use of DDT, some of their congeners have been found at high latitudes far away from the usage areas.
Especially polychlorinated bornanes have demonstrated dominating congeners transported by air up to the Arctic areas. Environmental
fate modeling has been applied to monitor this phenomenon using parallel zones of atmosphere around the globe as interconnected
environments. These zones, shown in many meteorological maps, however, may not be the best way to configure atmospheric transport
in air trajectories. The latter could also be covered by connecting a chain of simple model boxes. We aim to study this alternative
approach by modeling the trajectory chain using catchment boxes of our FATEMOD model. Polychlorobornanes analyzed in biota
of the Barents Sea offered one case to study this modeling alternative, while toxaphene has been and partly still is used
massively at southern East Europe and around rivers flowing to the Aral Sea.
Materials and methods Pure model substances of three polychlorobornanes (toxaphene congeners P26, P50, and P62) were synthesized, their environmentally
important thermal properties measured by differential scanning calorimetry, as evaluated from literature data, and their temperature
dependences estimated by the QSPR programs VPLEST, WATSOLU, and TDLKOW. The evaluated property parameters were used to model
their atmospheric long-range transport from toxaphene heavy usage areas in Ukraine and Aral/SyrDarja/AmuDarja region areas,
through East Europe and Northern Norway (Finnmarken) to the Barents Sea. The time period used for the emission model was June
1997. Usual weather conditions in June were applied in the model, which was constructed by chaining FATEMOD model boxes of
the catchment’s areas along assumed maximal air flow trajectories. Analysis of the three chlorobornanes in toxaphene mixtures
function as a basis for the estimates of emission levels caused by its usage. High estimate (A) was taken from contents in
a Western product chlorocamphene and low estimate (B) from mean contents in Russian polychloroterpene products to achieve
modeled water concentrations. Bioaccumulation to analyzed lipid of aquatic biota at the target region was estimated by using
statistical calculation for persistent organic pollutants in literature.
Results The results from model runs A and B (high and low emission estimate) for levels in sea biota were compared to analysis results
of samples taken in August 1997 at Barents Sea. The model results (ng g−1 lw): 4–95 in lipid of planktovores and 7–150 in lipid of piscivores, were in fair agreement with the analysis results from
August 1997: 21–31 in Themisto libellula (chatka), 26–42 in Boreocadus saida (Polar cod), and 5–27 in Gadus morhua (cod) liver.
Discussion The modeling results indicate that the application of chained simple multimedia catchment boxes on predicted trajectory is
a useful method for estimation of volatile airborne persistent chemical exposures to biota in remote areas. For hazard assessment
of these pollutants, their properties, especially temperature dependences, must be estimated by a reasonable accuracy. That
can be achieved by using measurements in laboratory with pure model compounds and estimation of properties by thermodynamic
QSPR methods. The property parameters can be validated by comparing their values at an environmental temperature range with
measured or QSPR-estimated values derived by independent methods. The chained box method used for long-range air transport
modeling can be more suitable than global parallel zones modeling used earlier, provided that the main airflow trajectories
and properties of transported pollutants are predictable enough.
Conclusions Long-range air transport modeling of persistent, especially photo-resistant organic compounds using a chain of joint simple
boxes of catchment’s environments is a feasible method to predict concentrations of pollutants at the target area. This is
justified from model results compared with analytical measurements in Barents Sea biota in August 1997: three of six modeled
values were high and the other three low compared to the analysis results. The order of magnitude level was similar in both
modeled (planktovore and piscivore) and observed (chatka and polar cod) values of lipid samples. The obtained results were
too limited to firm validation but are sufficient to justify feasibility of the method, which prompts one to perform more
studies on this modeling system.
Recommendations and perspectives For assessment of the risk of environmental damages, chemical fate determination is an essential tool for chemical control,
e.g., for EU following the REACH rules. The present conclusion of applicability of the chained single-box multimedia modeling
can be validated by further studies using analyses of emissions and target biota in various other cases. To achieve useful
results, fate models built with databases having automatic steps for most calculations and outputs accessible to all chemical
control professionals are essential. Our FATEMOD program catchments at environments and compound properties listed in the
database represent a feasible tool for local, regional, and, according our present test results, for global exposure predictions.
As an extended use of model, emission estimates can be achieved by reversed modeling from analysis results of samples corresponding
to the target area.
This article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Alexander B Terentiev (who passed away in November 2006), our true friend.
With his Institute of Organo-Element Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, he was an important main organizer of
the six joint Finnish–Russian seminars (every third year since 1989) on the field (‘Chemistry and Ecology of Organo-Element
Compounds’). He prompted us especially to search properties and environmental fates for various polyhalogen compounds. We
remember him for his friendly character and great sense of humor. 相似文献
16.
温度及外加碳源对生物脱氮除磷过程的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
针对污水处理厂普遍面临的进水碳源不足及冬季低温时出水氮磷不能稳定达标的问题,研究了温度(21、15和10℃)和外加碳源(乙酸)对活性污泥缺氧条件下反硝化及释磷过程的影响。结果表明,在缺氧条件下投加乙酸,释磷与反硝化反应可同时进行,且乙酸投量的增加仅延长快速碳源反硝化阶段及缺氧释磷阶段的反应时间;温度降低为15℃和10℃时,快速碳源反硝化阶段反硝化速率及缺氧释磷速率较21℃分别降低了约29.2%、42.2%和26.1%、32.3%。当硝态氮目标去除量与磷酸盐目标释放量之比超过5时,乙酸的最优投量以满足反硝化要求为准,计算得出21、15和10℃时常州某城镇污水处理厂乙酸最优投加量计算值约为30、39和46 mg/L。 相似文献
17.
统计数据表明,系统的可靠运行不可忽略人为误操作造成的故障,该故障发生率有时甚至超过设备本身导致的系统故障发生率。将人为因素与设备自身因素造成的系统故障进行对比,分析人为因素造成系统故障后的特点,可得出人为因素的可靠性参数。根据解析法和模拟法的相关理论计算考虑人为因素的可靠性指标,可以看出考虑人为因素的计算结果更加符合实际运行特点,便于相关人员采取对策,保障系统的安全运行。 相似文献
18.
吴淞工业区大气降尘变化规律及趋势 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
吴淞工业区是重工业聚集区,烟(粉)尘的排放量非常大,造成该地区空气污染严重.为了解降尘的污染特征、变化规律及趋势,以近10 a监测数据为依据,运用方差分析等数理统计方法对工业区降尘量进行分析,检验不同季节降尘的差异并简要分析原因,使用秩相关系数法对其进行趋势分析.结果表明,工业区降尘量较混合区与清洁区明显不同; 工业区与混合区的降尘受本地源的影响较大,4季的降尘量没有明显差异,相反清洁区的4季降尘呈显著差异.10 a来工业区及其周边地区的降尘量下降了56%,说明环境综合整治取得了显著效果,使区域环境空气质量得到改善. 相似文献
19.
Kristen A. Conner Author Vitae Author Vitae Jonathan I. Groner Author Vitae Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2008,39(5):469-475
Problem
Motorized recreational vehicle (MRV)-related injuries can result in severe medical and financial consequences. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology, and clinical and financial impact of MRV-related injuries in Ohio.Method
Probabilistically linked statewide Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and hospital (inpatient and emergency department) data for 2003 and 2004 were examined. Record pairs with a MRV-related E-code (E821-E823, E825) were included in this study.Results
There were 2,893 patients with MRV-related injuries, who had linked EMS and hospital records, resulting in more than $15 million in hospital charges and 1,921 inpatient days of hospitalization. The male-to-female ratio was nearly 4:1, and 19% were younger than 16. Almost 82% of cases were not wearing a helmet; there was a trend of decreasing helmet use with increasing age. Mean (SE) inpatient hospital charges and length of stay (LOS) were $22,218 ($1,290) and 3.8 (0.2) days, respectively. The mean (SE) Injury Severity Score (ISS) for inpatients was 9.2 (0.4). Individuals injured on a street/highway were 3.20 times more likely to sustain an ISS ≥ 16 (95% CI: 1.03, 9.88; p = 0.044) and 3.05 times more likely to sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) (95% CI: 1.17, 7.94; p = 0.024) than those who were injured at a place designated for sport or recreation. Children aged 12 to 15 and young adults aged 16 to 25 were 2.47 and 2.14 times more likely, respectively, to sustain a TBI than adults aged 36 or older (aged 12 to 15: 95% CI: 1.13, 5.38; p = 0.024; aged 16 to 25: 95% CI: 1.26, 3.64; p = 0.005). Higher ISS was associated with both higher total charges (p < 0.001) and longer LOS (p < 0.001).Discussion
This study demonstrates that MRV-related injuries are an important public health problem in Ohio, with a substantial clinical and financial impact.Impact on Industry
Enactment and enforcement of statewide MRV safety legislation and training of MRV users offer valuable opportunities to prevent these costly injuries. 相似文献20.
PROBLEM: Unsafe driving and passenger behaviors place teens at increased risk for fatal and nonfatal crashes. This study evaluated the short-and long-term efficacy of the You Hold the Key (YHTK) Teen Driving Countermeasure. METHOD: A two-page survey was completed by high school students at pretest, posttest, and long-term (6-month) posttest. RESULTS: YHTK was associated with significant immediate and long-term improvements in teen seatbelt use, safe driving, and perceived confidence in preventing drunk driving. Compared to pretests, students at immediate and long-term posttest more frequently wore seatbelts when driving or riding, required passengers to wear seatbelts, and limited the number of passengers to the number of seatbelts in the vehicle. Students were more likely at both posttests to avoid drinking and driving and to say no to riding with a friend who had been drinking. SUMMARY: YHTK was associated with increases in safe teen driving and passenger behaviors. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Success of YHTK is most notably due to its comprehensive nature. Future programs should consider comprehensive strategies when attempting to modify teen behaviors. 相似文献